塗
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]塗 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水木土 (EDG), four-corner 38104, composition ⿱涂土)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 235, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5338
- Dae Jaweon: page 473, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 474, character 8
- Unihan data for U+5857
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | 塗 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 涂* | |
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
[edit]| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 敘 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rlaː, *l'aː) : phonetic 涂 (OC *l'aː, *l'a) + semantic 土 (“earth; dirt”).
Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thù
- Eastern Min (BUC): dù / tù
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tou2 / dou2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6du
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tú
- Wade–Giles: tʻu2
- Yale: tú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: tou4
- Yale: tòuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: tou4
- Guangdong Romanization: tou4
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hu²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thù
- Hakka Romanization System: tuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: tu2
- Sinological IPA: /tʰu¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dù / tù
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu⁵³/, /tʰu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- dù - verb;
- tù - noun.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: tou2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɔu¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: dou2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɔu¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
Note:
- tou2 - vernacular;
- dou2 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô͘
- Tâi-lô: thôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: too
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ¹³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Yongchun, Jinjiang, Taipei, Philippines): /tʰɔ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ²³/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thû
- Tâi-lô: thû
- Phofsit Daibuun: tuu
- IPA (Longyan): /tʰu¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
Note:
- thô͘ - vernacular (noun);
- tô͘ - literary (verb).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: tou5 / tu5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thôu / thû
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou⁵⁵/, /tʰu⁵⁵/
Note:
- tou5 - vernacular (“mud, shoal, earth, ground”);
- tu5 - literary.
Note:
- teu5 - vernacular (“mud, shoal, earth, ground”);
- tu5 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: du, drae
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤa/
- (Zhengzhang): /*rlaː/, /*l'aː/
Definitions
[edit]塗
- mud; shoal
- to daub; to smear; to apply; to paint; to plaster
- to cross out; to blot out
- to scribble; to scrawl over
- Alternative form of 途 (tú, “road”)
- (Southern Min) earth; ground
- Alternative form: 土
- (alt. form 嵞, 峹) Used in 塗山／涂山 (Túshān).
- a surname
Usage notes
[edit]The surname 塗／涂 (Tú) is different from the surnames 涂 (Tú) and 凃 (Tú).
Synonyms
[edit]- (mud):
- (earth):
Compounds
[edit]- 一塌糊塗 / 一塌糊涂
- 一敗塗地 / 一败涂地 (yībàitúdì)
- 一時糊塗 / 一时糊涂
- 三塗 / 三涂
- 中塗 / 中涂
- 信筆塗鴉 / 信笔涂鸦
- 半塗而罷 / 半涂而罢
- 困處泥塗 / 困处泥涂
- 坦塗 / 坦涂
- 塗乙 / 涂乙
- 塗刷 / 涂刷
- 塗地 / 涂地
- 塗寫 / 涂写 (túxiě)
- 塗層 / 涂层 (túcéng)
- 塗山 / 涂山 (Túshān)
- 塗抹 / 涂抹 (túmǒ)
- 塗抹詩書 / 涂抹诗书
- 塗改 / 涂改 (túgǎi)
- 塗料 / 涂料 (túliào)
- 塗潦 / 涂潦
- 塗澤 / 涂泽
- 塗炭 / 涂炭 (tútàn)
- 塗炭生民 / 涂炭生民
- 塗炭生靈 / 涂炭生灵 (tútànshēnglíng)
- 塗粉 / 涂粉 (thô͘-hún) (Min Nan)
- 塗脂抹粉 / 涂脂抹粉
- 塗色 / 涂色 (túsè)
- 塗說 / 涂说
- 塗跤 / 涂跤 (thô͘-kha) (Min Nan)
- 塗金 / 涂金
- 塗附 / 涂附
- 塗飾 / 涂饰
- 塗鴉 / 涂鸦 (túyā)
- 塵飯塗羹 / 尘饭涂羹
- 孤塗 / 孤涂 (gūtú)
- 彈塗魚 / 弹涂鱼 (tántúyú)
- 彗氾畫塗 / 彗氾画涂
- 戒塗 / 戒涂 (jiètú)
- 披髮塗面 / 披发涂面
- 擿埴索塗 / 擿埴索涂
- 星點彈塗 / 星点弹涂
- 曳尾塗中 / 曳尾涂中
- 曳尾泥塗 / 曳尾泥涂
- 東塗西抹 / 东涂西抹
- 殊塗一致 / 殊涂一致
- 殊塗同會 / 殊涂同会
- 殊塗同歸 / 殊涂同归
- 殊塗同致 / 殊涂同致
- 民墜塗炭 / 民坠涂炭
- 民怨盈塗 / 民怨盈涂
- 民生塗炭 / 民生涂炭
- 泥塗 / 泥涂
- 海塗 / 海涂 (hǎitú)
- 湳塗 / 湳涂
- 烏塗 / 乌涂
- 烏塗水 / 乌涂水
- 生民塗炭 / 生民涂炭
- 生靈塗地 / 生灵涂地
- 生靈塗炭 / 生灵涂炭 (shēnglíngtútàn)
- 當塗 / 当涂 (Dāngtú)
- 糊塗 / 糊涂
- 糊塗帳 / 糊涂帐 (hútuzhàng)
- 糊塗蛋 / 糊涂蛋
- 糊塗蟲 / 糊涂虫
- 糊裡糊塗 / 糊里糊涂
- 糊里糊塗
- 老糊塗 / 老糊涂 (lǎohútú)
- 聰明一世，糊塗一時 / 聪明一世，糊涂一时 (cōngmíng yīshì, hútú yīshí)
- 肝腦塗地 / 肝脑涂地 (gānnǎotúdì)
- 肝膽塗地 / 肝胆涂地
- 胡塗 / 胡涂
- 胡裡胡塗 / 胡里胡涂
- 脣如塗朱 / 唇如涂朱
- 脣若塗硃 / 唇若涂朱
- 脣若塗脂 / 唇若涂脂 (chúnruòtúzhī)
- 裝糊塗 / 装糊涂
- 豺狼當塗 / 豺狼当涂
- 道盡塗殫 / 道尽涂殚
- 道聽塗說 / 道听涂说 (dàotīngtúshuō)
- 隱形塗料 / 隐形涂料
- 雞屎落塗，也有三寸煙 / 鸡屎落涂，也有三寸烟 (ke sái lo̍h thô͘, iā ū saⁿ chhùn ian) (Min Nan)
- 難得糊塗 / 难得糊涂
- 霑體塗足 / 沾体涂足
Descendants
[edit]- → Thai: ทา (taa, “to smear; to paint”)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]塗
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Noun
[edit]- Alternative spelling of 塗り
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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