左

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左 U+5DE6, 左
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6
← 工
[U+5DE5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 巧 →
[U+5DE7]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

[edit]

左 (Kangxi radical 48, 工+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 大一 (KM), four-corner 40011, composition ⿸𠂇工)

Derived characters

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 325, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 626, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 411, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5DE6

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 左
alternative forms 𠂇
𢀡
㔫
屮
䶹
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 左
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (左) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
左 *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
佐 *ʔsaːls
袏 *ʔslaːls
蹉 *sʰlaːl
瑳 *sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
搓 *sʰlaːl
磋 *sʰlaːl
溠 *sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
傞 *sʰlaːl, *slaːl
醝 *zlaːl
瘥 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
鹺 *zlaːl
嵯 *zlaːl, *sʰral
嵳 *zlaːl
蒫 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
艖 *zlaːl, *sʰraːl
齹 *zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
縒 *slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
褨 *slaːlʔ
嗟 *ʔsljal
差 *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
鎈 *sʰraːl
槎 *zraːl, *zraːlʔ
髊 *zlals

Originally written 𠂇 and 䶹 in the oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a left hand. Compare 又 (“right hand”).

Late bronze inscription forms show an added 工 (“work; to assist?”) component, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 𠂇 (, “left hand”) + semantic 工 (“work”), representing the original form of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”).

Etymology

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Cognate with 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”) (< be on one's left side); mirror of the semantic relationship between 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) and 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b(w)aj (“left (hand)”) (STEDT).

“(politics) left-wing”
Semantic loan from English left, in turn a semantic loan from French gauche.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • chó - vernacular;
    • chó͘ - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 左
Mandarin Beijing /t͡suo²¹⁴/
Harbin /t͡suo²¹³/
Tianjin /t͡suo¹³/
Jinan /t͡suə²¹/
Qingdao /t͡suə²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡suo⁵³/
Xi'an /t͡suo⁵³/
Xining /t͡su⁵³/
Yinchuan /t͡suə⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡suə⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /t͡suɤ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡suo⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡so⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡so⁴²/
Kunming /t͡so⁵³/
Nanjing /t͡so²¹²/
Hefei /t͡sʊ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sɤ⁵³/
Pingyao /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡suɤ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡su³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡səu⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡so⁵³/
Wenzhou /t͡sɤu³⁵/
Hui Shexian /t͡so³⁵/
Tunxi /t͡so³¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡so⁴¹/
Xiangtan /t͡so⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡so²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /t͡so³¹/
Taoyuan /t͡so³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔ³⁵/
Nanning /t͡sɔ³⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sɔ³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡so⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡so³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sɔ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡so⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /to²¹³/
Rime
Character 左
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 臧可切
Baxter tsaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɑX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sɑX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɑX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡saX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sɑX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sɑX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sɑX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zuǒ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zo2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 左
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zuǒ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsaX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsˁa[j]ʔ/
English left (side)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 左
Reading # 1/2
No. 18004
Phonetic
component 		左
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		左
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsaːlʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

左

  1. left (direction)
    左手  ―  zuǒshǒu  ―  left hand
  2. east; areas to the east
    江左  ―  jiāngzuǒ  ―  area east of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River
  3. (nautical) port
    左舷  ―  zuǒxián  ―  portside
  4. (historical) inferior position
  5. unorthodox; wrong
  6. erroneously; mistakingly
    你想左了。  ―  Nǐ xiǎng zuǒ le.  ―  You are mistaken.
  7. different; divided; inconsistent
    相左  ―  xiàngzuǒ  ―  to conflict with each other; to fail to agree
  8. (politics) left-wing
  9. (chemistry) levo-
    左多巴  ―  zuǒduōbā  ―  levodopa
  10. (Sichuanese, of singing) out of tune; off-key
  11. (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to exchange
  12. (Eastern Min) devious, dishonest
  13. (Xiang) wrong; incorrect
  14. a surname
    左宗棠  ―  Zuǒ Zōngtáng  ―  Zuo Zongtang (Qing dynasty Chinese statesman and military leader)
Usage notes
[edit]

In socialist nations e.g. mainland China, 左 is usually (not necessarily) put in quotation marks when referring to the leftism further to the correct party line.

Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 左 (“left”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 左
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 左
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 左
Taiwan 左
Chengde 左
Chifeng 左
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 左
Heihe 左
Qiqihar 左
Harbin 左
Jiamusi 左
Baicheng 左
Changchun 左
Tonghua 左
Shenyang 左
Jinzhou 左
Malaysia 左
Singapore 左
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 左
Tangshan 左
Cangzhou 左
Baoding 左
Shijiazhuang 左
Lijin 左
Jinan 左
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 左
Dandong 左
Yantai 左
Qingdao 左
Zhucheng 左
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 左
Jining 左
Wanrong 左
Linfen 左
Shangqiu 左
Yuanyang 左
Zhengzhou 左
Xinyang 左
Baihe 左
Xi'an 左
Baoji 左
Tianshui 左
Xining 左
Xuzhou 左
Fuyang 左
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 左
Lanzhou 左
Dunhuang 左
Hami 左
Ürümqi 左
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 左
Nanchong 左
Dazhou 左
Hanyuan 左
Xichang 左
Zigong 左
Chongqing 左
Wuhan 左
Yichang 左
Xiangyang 左
Tianmen 左
Guiyang 左
Zunyi 左
Bijie 左
Liping 左
Zhaotong 左
Dali 左
Kunming 左
Mengzi 左
Guilin 左
Liuzhou 左
Jishou 左
Changde 左
Hanzhong 左
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 左
Yangzhou 左
Lianyungang 左
Lianshui 左
Nantong 左
Anqing 左
Wuhu 左
Hefei 左
Hong'an 左
Cantonese Guangzhou 左
Hong Kong 左
Macau 左
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 左
Singapore (Guangfu) 左
Gan Nanchang 左
Lichuan 左
Huizhou Shexian 左
Jin Taiyuan 左
Yangyuan 左
Datong 左
Xinzhou 左
Lüliang (Lishi) 左
Changzhi 左
Linhe 左
Jining 左
Hohhot 左
Erenhot 左
Pingshan 左
Zhangjiakou 左
Handan 左
Linzhou 左
Suide 左
Eastern Min Fuzhou 左
Southern Min Xiamen 倒
Quanzhou 倒
Zhangzhou 倒
Taipei 倒
New Taipei (Sanxia) 倒
Kaohsiung 倒
Yilan 倒
Changhua (Lukang) 倒
Taichung 倒
Tainan 倒
Hsinchu 倒
Kinmen 倒
Penghu (Magong) 倒
Penang (Hokkien) 倒
Singapore (Hokkien) 倒
Manila (Hokkien) 倒
Chaozhou 倒
Shantou 倒
Jieyang 倒
Singapore (Teochew) 倒
Wenchang 左
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 左
Dialectal synonyms of 錯 (“wrong”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 過誤, 誤, 謬, 謬誤, 訛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 錯, 不對, 錯誤
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 錯, 左
Taiwan 錯, 不對
Malaysia 錯, 不對
Singapore 錯, 不對
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 錯, 差
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 錯
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 錯
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 錯, 拐
Wuhan 錯, 左
Guilin 錯
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 差
Yangzhou 錯
Hefei 錯
Cantonese Guangzhou 錯, 唔啱
Hong Kong 錯, 唔啱
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 錯
Macau 錯
Guangzhou (Panyu) 錯
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 唔啱
Guangzhou (Conghua) 錯
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 錯
Foshan 錯
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 錯
Foshan (Shunde) 錯
Foshan (Sanshui) 錯, 唔啱
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 錯
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 錯
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 錯
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 錯
Zhuhai (Doumen) 錯
Jiangmen (Baisha) 錯
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 錯
Taishan 錯
Kaiping (Chikan) 錯
Enping (Niujiang) 錯
Heshan (Yayao) 錯
Dongguan 錯
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 錯
Yangjiang 錯
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
Singapore (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
Gan Nanchang 錯
Lichuan 錯
Hakka Meixian 差, 唔啱
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 錯
Dongguan (Qingxi) 錯
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 錯
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 錯
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 錯
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔著
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 唔著
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 唔著
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 唔著
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 唔著
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 唔著
Jin Taiyuan 錯, 不對, 差
Northern Min Jian'ou 錯
Eastern Min Fuzhou 賺
Matsu 賺
Southern Min Xiamen 賺, 毋著
Quanzhou 賺, 毋著
Shishi 賺
Zhangzhou 賺, 毋著
Zhao'an 毋著
Taipei 毋著
Kaohsiung 毋著
Penang (Hokkien) salah, 毋著, 賺
Singapore (Hokkien) salah, 毋著
Manila (Hokkien) 毋著, 賺
Chaozhou 賺
Shantou 賺, 唔對, 唔著
Jieyang 賺
Singapore (Teochew) salah, 唔著, 賺
Leizhou 無著
Wenchang 無著
Haikou 錯
Singapore (Hainanese) 無著
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 錯, 唔啱
Wu Shanghai 錯
Suzhou 錯
Ningbo 錯, 賺
Wenzhou 賺
Jinhua 賺
Xiang Changsha 錯, 左
Shuangfeng 造, 錯
Antonyms
[edit]
  • 右 (yòu, “right”)

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Rime
Character 左 左
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 歌 (94) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 臧可切 則箇切
Baxter tsaX tsaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɑX/ /t͡sɑH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sɑX/ /t͡sɑH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɑX/ /t͡sɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡saX/ /t͡saH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sɑX/ /t͡sɑH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sɑX/ /t͡sɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sɑX/ /t͡sɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zuǒ zuò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zo2 zo3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 左 左
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zuǒ zuǒ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsaX › ‹ tsaH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsˁa[j]ʔ/ /*tsˁarʔ-s/
English assist assist

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 左 左
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 18004 18006
Phonetic
component 		左 左
Rime
group 		歌 歌
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		左 佐
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsaːlʔ/ /*ʔsaːls/

Definitions

[edit]

左

  1. † Original form of 佐 (zuǒ, “to assist”).

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (左):
  • → Japanese: 左(さ) (sa)
  • → Korean: 좌(左) (jwa)
  • → Vietnamese: tả (左)

Others:

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
左

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ひだり (hidari, 左, Jōyō)、と (to, 左)

Alternative forms

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
左
ひだり
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

/hidari/: *[pidari] → [ɸidari] → [çidari].

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *pintari.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

左(ひだり) • (hidari) 

  1. (direction) left, the side of the left hand
    • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 229:
      Fidari. ヒダリ (左) 左手, または, 左の方
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1999 August 10, “封(ふう)印(いん)されし者(もの)の左(ひだり)腕(うで) [Left Arm of the Sealed One]”, in 幻の召喚神 [Phantom God], Konami:
      封(ふう)印(いん)された左(ひだり)腕(うで)。封(ふう)印(いん)を解(と)くと、無(む)限(げん)の力(ちから)を得(え)られる。
      Fūinsareta hidariude. Fūin o toku to, mugen no chikara o erareru.
      A sealed left arm. Whosoever breaks the seal shall earn infinite power.
  2. (politics) a leftist
Antonyms
[edit]
  • (antonym(s) of “left”): 右(みぎ) (migi, “right”)
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
左
さ
Grade: 1
on'yomi

Middle Chinese 左

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

左(さ) • (sa) 

  1. the left in vertical writing
  2. the following (one)
    • 1905–06, Natsume Sōseki, I Am a Cat (text here):
      吾(わが)輩(はい)はまず彼(かれ)がどのくらい無(む)学(がく)であるかを試(ため)してみようと思(おも)って左(さ)の問(もん)答(どう)をして見(み)た。
      Wagahai wa mazu kare ga dono kurai mugaku de aru ka o tameshite miyō to omotte sa no mondō o shite mita.
      To judge just how uneducated he was, I posed the following question.

Prefix

[edit]

左(さ) • (sa-) 

  1. to the left; on the left side
  2. (history, government) "of the left", senior or superior to 右 (u-, “of the right”)
    左(さ)衛(え)門(もん)
    Saemon
    the Gate Guard of the Left
    左(さ)大(だい)臣(じん)
    Sadaijin
    the Minister of the Left

References

[edit]
  1. ^ “左”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 左 (MC tsaX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕwa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [좌(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

左 (eumhun 왼 좌 (oen jwa))

  1. hanja form? of 좌 (“left (direction)”)

Derived terms

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Okinawan

[edit]
Kanji in this term
左
ひじゃい
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Ryukyuan *pidari, from Proto-Japonic *pintari. Cognate with Japanese 左 (hidari).

Noun

[edit]

左(ひじゃい) (hijai) 

  1. (direction) left

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

左: Hán Nôm readings: tả, tá

  1. left (direction)
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