From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Tupi English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
No.
English
Old Tupi
1
I
1st class: ixé xe
2
you (singular)
1st class: endé nde
3
he , she , it
1st class: a'e i
4
we
exclusive: oré îandé
5
you (plural)
1st class: peẽ pe
6
they
1st class: a'e i
7
this
visible: ã anga iã ianga ikó kó ã anga iã ianga
8
that
visible: kûé kûeîa a'e aîpó akó akûeîa
9
here
iké
10
there
visible: ebapó ûĩme akûeîpe a'epe
11
who
abápe
12
what
mba'epe
13
where
mamõpe
14
when
erimba'epe
15
how
marãpe
16
not
-e'ym na -i na -i xûé na ruã umẽ
17
all
pab
18
many
etá
19
some
amõ
20
few
mboby pyryb
21
other
amõ
22
one
oîepé
23
two
mokõîa
24
three
mosapyra
25
four
oîoirundyka
26
five
ambó
27
big
eburusu
28
long
puku
29
wide
obeb popeb py
30
thick
anam
31
heavy
posyî
32
small
mirĩ
33
short
akyta'ĩ
34
narrow
35
thin
po'i
36
woman
kunhã
37
man (adult male)
apŷaba
38
man (human being)
abá
39
child
kunumĩ
40
wife
emirekó
41
husband
mena
42
mother
sy
43
father
uba
44
animal
mba'e
45
fish
pirá
46
bird
gûyrá
47
dog
îagûara
48
louse
kyba mokyrana
49
snake
mboîa
50
worm
asoka ura
51
tree
ybyrá
52
forest
ka'a
53
stick
akã
54
fruit
'a 'ybá
55
seed
a'ynha
56
leaf
oba
57
root
apó
58
bark (of a tree)
ypé
59
flower
potyra
60
grass
sapé
61
rope
sama
62
skin
pira
63
meat
o'o
64
blood
ugûy
65
bone
kanga
66
fat (noun)
kaba
67
egg
upi'a
68
horn
'aka
69
tail
ûaîa
70
feather
pepó
71
hair
aba
72
head
'a akanga
73
ear
nambi
74
eye
esá
75
nose
tĩ
76
mouth
îuru
77
tooth
ãîa
78
tongue (organ)
apekũ
79
fingernail
pûapẽ pysãpẽ
80
foot
py
81
leg
etymã
82
knee
endypy'ã
83
hand
pó
84
wing
pepó
85
belly
ygé
86
guts
ybỹîa
87
neck
aîura
88
back
aseîa kupé
89
breast
kama
90
heart
nhy'ã
91
liver
py'a
92
to drink
îar 'u
93
to eat
îar karu 'u
94
to bite
su'u
95
to suck
pyter
96
to spit
endy mun
97
to vomit
gûe'en
98
to blow
peîu
99
to breathe
pytu
100
to laugh
puká
101
to see
epîak
102
to hear
endub
103
to know
kuab
104
to think
mo'ang
105
to smell
etun
106
to fear
sykyîé
107
to sleep
ker
108
to live
ikobé
109
to die
îekyî manõ
110
to kill
îuká
111
to fight
îoîtyîtyk ikomarã marãmonhang
112
to hunt
porakar
113
to hit
pûar
114
to cut
kytĩ mondok
115
to split
bok puk
116
to stab
kutuk
117
to scratch
e'yĩ
118
to dig
ybykoî
119
to swim
'ytab
120
to fly
bebé
121
to walk
gûatá
122
to come
îur
123
to lie (as in a bed)
îetu'u mombeb nhemombeb pysó
124
to sit
gûapyk
125
to stand
'am
126
to turn (intransitive)
bak nhemoîereb
127
to fall
'ar kuî
128
to give
me'eng
129
to hold
pysyk
130
to squeeze
pyk
131
to rub
kytyk
132
to wash
eî
133
to wipe
moaku'i mokang
134
to pull
ekyî
135
to push
moanhan
136
to throw
ityk
137
to tie
tĩ apytĩ
138
to sew
mobybyk
139
to count
papar
140
to say
'i
141
to sing
nhe'engar
142
to play
nhemosaraî
143
to float
bebuî
144
to flow
syryk
145
to freeze
146
to swell
mopungá moruru
147
sun
kûara kûarasy
148
moon
îasy
149
star
îasytatá
150
water
y 'y
151
rain
amana
152
river
y 'y
153
lake
upaba
154
sea
pará paranã
155
salt
îukyra
156
stone
itá
157
sand
ybyku'i
158
dust
tubyra ybytimbora
159
earth
yby
160
cloud
ybatinga ybytinga
161
fog
ybytinga
162
sky
ybaka
163
wind
ybytu
164
snow
amanarypy'oka ro'yîukyra ro'ynhemoapysanga ro'yrypy'aka ro'yrypy'oka
165
ice
166
smoke
atatinga petyma
167
fire
atá
168
ash
tanimbuka
169
to burn
kaî
170
road
pé piara
171
mountain
ybytyra
172
red
pirang
173
green
oby
174
yellow
îub
175
white
ting
176
black
un
177
night
pytuna
178
day
'ara
179
year
akaîu seîxu
180
warm
akub
181
cold
ro'y
182
full
ynysem
183
new
pysasu
184
old
pûera umûan
185
good
angaturam katu marangatu
186
bad
aíb memûã poxy
187
rotten
aíb îuk tuîuk
188
dirty
ky'a u'um
189
straight
atã atãnhé
190
round
amandab apu'a apỹî
191
sharp (as a knife)
aembé
192
dull (as a knife)
korõî
193
smooth
sym
194
wet
akym
195
dry
aku'i ka'ẽ tining
196
correct
katu
197
near
ko'ĩ
198
far
apûé
199
right
'ekatuaba
200
left
asu
201
at
-pe
202
in
pupé
203
with
esé esebé irũ irũmo irũnamo ndi ndibé
204
and
abé bé
205
if
-reme
206
because
-reme
207
name
era
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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