karu

See also: Appendix:Variations of "karu"

Ajië

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [karu]

Numeral

karu

1. two

References

• Leenhardt, M. (1935) Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue Houaïlou, Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. Cited in: "Houaïlou" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
• Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "Ajiø" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

Estonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *karhu.

Noun

karu (genitive karu, partitive karu)

1. bear

Declension

Declension of karu (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		karu	karud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	karu
genitive			karude
partitive		karu	karusid
illative		karru karusse	karudesse
inessive		karus	karudes
elative		karust	karudest
allative		karule	karudele
adessive		karul	karudel
ablative		karult	karudelt
translative		karuks	karudeks
terminative		karuni	karudeni
essive		karuna	karudena
abessive		karuta	karudeta
comitative		karuga	karudega

Derived terms

• jääkaru

Descendants

• → Livonian: karū

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karu (compare Karelian karu, Ludian karu).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑru/, [ˈkɑ̝ru]
• Rhymes: -ɑru
• Hyphenation^(key): ka‧ru

Adjective

karu (comparative karumpi, superlative karuin)

1. unfertile, barren, bare (such as of land)
2. barren, stark
3. austere, harsh

Declension

Inflection of karu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative		karu	karut
genitive		karun	karujen
partitive		karua	karuja
illative		karuun	karuihin
		singular	plural
nominative		karu	karut
accusative	nom.	karu	karut
	gen.	karun
genitive		karun	karujen
partitive		karua	karuja
inessive		karussa	karuissa
elative		karusta	karuista
illative		karuun	karuihin
adessive		karulla	karuilla
ablative		karulta	karuilta
allative		karulle	karuille
essive		karuna	karuina
translative		karuksi	karuiksi
abessive		karutta	karuitta
instructive		—	karuin
comitative		—	karuine

Possessive forms of karu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karuni karuni accusative nom. karuni karuni gen. karuni genitive karuni karujeni partitive karuani karujani inessive karussani karuissani elative karustani karuistani illative karuuni karuihini adessive karullani karuillani ablative karultani karuiltani allative karulleni karuilleni essive karunani karuinani translative karukseni karuikseni abessive karuttani karuittani instructive — — comitative — karuineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karusi karusi accusative nom. karusi karusi gen. karusi genitive karusi karujesi partitive karuasi karujasi inessive karussasi karuissasi elative karustasi karuistasi illative karuusi karuihisi adessive karullasi karuillasi ablative karultasi karuiltasi allative karullesi karuillesi essive karunasi karuinasi translative karuksesi karuiksesi abessive karuttasi karuittasi instructive — — comitative — karuinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karumme karumme accusative nom. karumme karumme gen. karumme genitive karumme karujemme partitive karuamme karujamme inessive karussamme karuissamme elative karustamme karuistamme illative karuumme karuihimme adessive karullamme karuillamme ablative karultamme karuiltamme allative karullemme karuillemme essive karunamme karuinamme translative karuksemme karuiksemme abessive karuttamme karuittamme instructive — — comitative — karuinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karunne karunne accusative nom. karunne karunne gen. karunne genitive karunne karujenne partitive karuanne karujanne inessive karussanne karuissanne elative karustanne karuistanne illative karuunne karuihinne adessive karullanne karuillanne ablative karultanne karuiltanne allative karullenne karuillenne essive karunanne karuinanne translative karuksenne karuiksenne abessive karuttanne karuittanne instructive — — comitative — karuinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative karunsa karunsa accusative nom. karunsa karunsa gen. karunsa genitive karunsa karujensa partitive karuaan karuansa karujaan karujansa inessive karussaan karussansa karuissaan karuissansa elative karustaan karustansa karuistaan karuistansa illative karuunsa karuihinsa adessive karullaan karullansa karuillaan karuillansa ablative karultaan karultansa karuiltaan karuiltansa allative karulleen karullensa karuilleen karuillensa essive karunaan karunansa karuinaan karuinansa translative karukseen karuksensa karuikseen karuiksensa abessive karuttaan karuttansa karuittaan karuittansa instructive — — comitative — karuineen karuinensa

Derived terms

• karukko
• karusti
• karuuntua
• karuus

 

Further reading

• “karu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

Anagrams

• kura

Gurindji

Noun

karu

1. child

References

• Gurindji language words from the 50 words project from the Research Unit for Indigenous Language at the University of Melbourne. Retrieved 7 November 2024.

Japanese

Romanization

karu

1. Rōmaji transcription of かる

Kambera

Alternative forms

• karung

Noun

karu

1. sack

References

• Marian Klamer (1998) A Grammar of Kambera, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 213

Karelian

Noun

karu

1. devil

Latvian

Noun

karu m

1. inflection of karš:
   1. accusative singular
   2. instrumental/genitive plural

Verb

karu

1. first-person singular present indicative of kārt

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkaru/

Noun

karu

1. accusative/instrumental singular of kara

Maori

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *kalu₂ (compare with Samoan ‘alu).

Sense of eye likely from 'spongy material' > 'spongy membrane surrounding the eye' > 'pupil of the eye' > 'eye'.

Noun

karu

1. spongy matter (around the seeds of a gourd, brains, clotted blood etc)

   Synonyms: pukahu, kōpuka, roro

2. pupil of the eye
3. eye

   Synonyms: mata, whatu

   E ai ki ngā kōrero i whakapurua e Te Whānau-a-Apanui ngā karu o te papa angaanga o tana matua, o Te Pori-o-te-rangi, ki te harare pūwhero.

   It is said that Te Whānau-a-Apanui plugged up the eye sockets of the skull of her father, Te Pori-o-te-rangi, with red sealing wax.

Derived terms

• kakaru
• karukaru
• karupango

 

Further reading

• Williams, Herbert William (1917) “karu”, in A Dictionary of the Maori Language, page 120
• “karu” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

Old Tupi

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaʔru, from *kar- (“thing”) +‎ *ʔu (“to eat”), literally “to eat things”.

Cognate with Awetí kat-ʔu, Guaraní karu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kaˈɾu/
• Rhymes: -u
• Hyphenation: ka‧ru

Noun

karu (possessable)

1. consumption (the act of eating)
2. meal; repast (food served or eaten)
3. overeating (the act of eating to excess)

Derived terms

• inambukaru
• karugûasu

 

Adjective

karu (noun form karu)

1. gluttonous (prone to overeating)

Declension

    Declension of karu (oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Causative	mongaru
Deadjectivals
-ba'e	i karuba'e
-sab(a)	karûaba / karusaba
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person exclusive	1st person inclusive	2nd person
Adjectival forms
Active
Indicative	xe karu	nde karu	i karu	oré karu	îandé karu	pe karu
Imperative
Permissive	ta xe karu	ta nde karu	t'i karu	t'oré karu	t'îandé karu	ta pe karu
Negative indicative	na xe karuî	na nde karuî	n'i karuî	n'oré karuî	n'îandé karuî	na pe karuî
Negative imperative		nde karu umẽ				pe karu umẽ
Negative permissive	ta xe karu umẽ	ta nde karu umẽ	t'i karu umẽ	t'oré karu umẽ	t'îandé karu umẽ	ta pe karu umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative	xe karuramo	nde karuramo	o karuramo	oré karuramo	îandé karuramo	pe karuramo
Negative	xe karue'ymamo	nde karue'ymamo	o karue'ymamo	oré karue'ymamo	îandé karue'ymamo	pe karue'ymamo
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	karu
Negative	karue'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	same as gerund1
	xe karuû2		i karuû2	oré karuû2	îandé karuû2
Negative	same as gerund1
	xe karue'ymi2		i karue'ymi2	oré karue'ymi2	îandé karue'ymi2
1South Tupi 2North Tupi

Derived terms

• abakaru

 

Verb

karu (first-person singular active indicative akaru, first-person singular negative active indicative n'akaruî, noun karu) (intransitive)

1. to eat

   Near-synonym: 'u (transitive)

2. to graze (to eat grass from a pasture)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of karu (intransitive, U-ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Causative	mongaru
Causative-comitative	erokaru
Deverbals
-ba'e	okaruba'e
-sab(a)	karûaba / karusaba
-sar(a)	karûara / karusara
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person exclusive	1st person inclusive	2nd person
Verbal forms
Active
Indicative	akaru	erekaru	okaru	orokaru	îakaru	pekaru
Permissive	t'akaru	t'erekaru	t'okaru	t'orokaru	t'îakaru	ta pekaru
Imperative		ekaru				pekaru
Negative indicative	n'akaruî	n'erekaruî	n'okaruî	n'orokaruî	n'îakaruî	na pekaruî
Negative permissive	t'akaru umẽ	t'erekaru umẽ	t'okaru umẽ	t'orokaru umẽ	t'îakaru umẽ	ta pekaru umẽ
Negative imperative		ekaru umẽ				pekaru umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative	gûikarûabo	ekarûabo	okarûabo	orokarûabo	îakarûabo	pekarûabo
Negative	gûikarue'yma	ekarue'yma	okarue'yma	orokarue'yma	îakarue'yma	pekarue'yma
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	karu
Negative	karue'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	xe karuû		i karuû	oré karuû	îandé karuû
Negative	xe karue'ymi		i karue'ymi	oré karue'ymi	îandé karue'ymi

Derived terms

• karûaba

 

Descendants

• Nheengatu: karú

References

• Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “karu”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 222, column 2

Papiamentu

Alternative forms

• caro (Aruba)

Etymology

From Portuguese caro and Spanish caro, ultimately from Latin carus

Adjective

karu

1. expensive, costly, pricey

   Mi gusta e kas aki, pero e ta muchu karu.

   I like this house, but it's too expensive.

Rapa Nui

Noun

karu

1. seed

Votic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *karhu.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑru/, [ˈkɑru]
• Rhymes: -ɑru
• Hyphenation: ka‧ru

Noun

karu

1. bear

Inflection

Declension of karu (type II/võrkko, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	karu	karud
genitive	karu	karujõ, karui
partitive	karrua	karuitõ, karui
illative	karrusõ, karru	karuisõ
inessive	karuz	karuiz
elative	karussõ	karuissõ
allative	karulõ	karuilõ
adessive	karullõ	karuillõ
ablative	karultõ	karuiltõ
translative	karussi	karuissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn