From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Indo-European English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Proto-Indo-Europeanedit (207) 1 I (1sg )*éǵh₂ 2 you (2sg )*túh, *te 3 he , she , it (3sg )*ís, *íh₂, *íd 4 we (1pl )*wéy 5 you (2pl )*yū, *yú 6 they (3pl )*éyes 7 this *só, *séh₂, *tód 8 that *yós, *yéh₂, *yód 9 here *ḱi 10 there *h₂en 11 who *kʷis (pron.), *kʷod (adj.) 12 what *kʷis 13 where *kʷesmi 14 when *kʷodéh₂ 15 how *kʷónoh₁, *kʷéy, *kʷih₁ 16 not *n̥- *ne 17 all 18 many *monogʰo- 19 some *kaylo- *solwo- 20 few *peh₂w- 21 other *h₂élyos *h₂el-nó- 22 one *(H)óynos, *(H)óykos, *(H)óywos *sḗm 23 two *dwóh₁; *dwó 24 three *tréyes 25 four *kʷetwóres 26 five *pénkʷe 27 big *méǵh₂s 28 long *dl̥h₁gʰós 29 wide *stelh₃ós 30 thick *bʰenǵʰ *tégus 31 heavy *gʷréh₂us 32 small *mey- 33 short *mréǵʰus *(s)ker- 34 narrow *h₂enǵʰ- 35 thin *ténh₂us 36 woman *gʷḗn *h₁esor- 37 man (adult male)*h₂nḗr *wiHrós 38 man (human being)*mon- *ǵʰmṓ 39 child *ǵénh₁mn̥ 40 wife *pótnih₂ 41 husband *wiHrós *pótis 42 mother *méh₂tēr 43 father *átta *ph₂tḗr 44 animal *dʰewsóm *ǵʰwer- 45 fish *dʰǵʰu- *peysḱ- 46 bird *h₂éwis 47 dog *ḱwṓ 48 louse *ḱ(o)nid- *lewH- 49 snake *h₂éngʷʰis *(s)neh₁tr- 50 worm *wr̥mis 51 tree *dóru genitive *dréws 52 forest 53 stick *ǵʰasto- 54 fruit 55 seed *séh₁mn̥ 56 leaf *lewbʰ- *bʰolh₃yom 57 root *wréh₂ds 58 bark (of a tree)*bʰérHǵos 59 flower *bʰleh₃- 60 grass *koyno- 61 rope *roypnós 62 skin *pel- *twékos 63 meat *mḗms *krewh₂- 64 blood *krewh₂- *h₁ésh₂r̥ 65 bone *h₂óst *kost- 66 fat (noun)*smérus 67 egg *h₂ōwyóm 68 horn *ḱr̥nom, *ḱerh₂(s), *ḱerh₂sr̥, *koru 69 tail *dewmbʰ- *ul 70 feather *péth₂r̥ 71 hair *pulh₂- 72 head *káput- *gʰebʰelo- 73 ear *h₂ṓws 74 eye *h₃ókʷs 75 nose *Hnéh₂s 76 mouth *h₃éh₁os 77 tooth *h₃dónts *ǵómbʰos 78 tongue (organ)*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s 79 fingernail *h₃negʰ- 80 foot *pṓds 81 leg *kónh₂m 82 knee *ǵónu 83 hand *ǵʰésr̥ *mar- 84 wing *péth₂r̥ 85 belly *úderos 86 guts *eh₁ter- 87 neck *mon- 88 back 89 breast *peg- *pstḗn 90 heart *ḱḗr genitive *ḱr̥dés 91 liver *Hyékʷr̥ 92 to drink *píph₃eti *h₁egʷʰ- 93 to eat *h₁ed- 94 to bite *denḱ- *h₁ed- 95 to suck *dʰeh₁(y)- 96 to spit *sp(y)ew- 97 to vomit *wemh₁- *h₁reug- 98 to blow *h₂weh₁- 99 to breathe *pnew- 100 to laugh *(s)mey- 101 to see *derḱ- *weyd- 102 to hear *ḱlew- 103 to know *ǵneh₃- *ǵnéh₃-sḱ- *weyd- 104 to think *memóne *teng- 105 to smell *h₃ed- 106 to fear *h₂egʰ- 107 to sleep *swep- *drem- 108 to live *gʷeyh₃- 109 to die *mer- *dʰew- 110 to kill *gʷʰen- 111 to fight *keh₃- 112 to hunt *weyh₁- *sekʷh₃- 113 to hit *pleh₂k- 114 to cut *kr̥t- 115 to split *skéydt *skinédti 116 to stab *dʰeygʷ- *bʰod- 117 to scratch *gerbʰ- 118 to dig *dʰeygʷ- 119 to swim *(s)neh₂- 120 to fly *peth₂- *gʷel- 121 to walk *gʰredʰ- 122 to come *gʷémt *gʷm̥sḱéti *gʷeh₂- 123 to lie (as in a bed) *légʰyeti *ḱéytor 124 to sit *sédt *sísdeti 125 to stand *stéh₂t *stestóh₂e *stísteh₂ti 126 to turn (intransitive) *wértti 127 to fall *ḱh₂d- 128 to give *déh₃t *dédeh₃ti 129 to hold *segʰ- 130 to squeeze *pisd- *werǵʰ- 131 to rub *melh₂- 132 to wash *lewh₃- *neygʷ- 133 to wipe *h₃merǵ- 134 to pull *tragʰ- 135 to push 136 to throw *swep- 137 to tie 138 to sew *syuh₁- 139 to count *dol- *del- 140 to say *sekʷ- *wéwket 141 to sing *kan- 142 to play 143 to float *plew- 144 to flow *plew- 145 to freeze *gel- 146 to swell *tewh₂- 147 sun *sóh₂wl̥ 148 moon *mḗh₁n̥s *lówksneh₂ 149 star *h₂stḗr 150 water *h₂ekʷeh₂ *h₂ep- *wódr̥ 151 rain *h₂ekmon 152 river *h₂ékʷeh₂ 153 lake *h₂ep- 154 sea *móri 155 salt *séh₂ls 156 stone *h₂éḱmō 157 sand *sámh₂dʰos 158 dust *pers- 159 earth *dʰéǵʰōm 160 cloud *nébʰos 161 fog *snewdʰ- 162 sky *dyḗws 163 wind *ḱewero- *h₂wéh₁n̥ts 164 snow *snóygʷʰos 165 ice *yeǵ- 166 smoke *dʰuh₂mós 167 fire *h₁eh₂ter- *h₁n̥gʷnis *péh₂wr̥ 168 ash *h₃és-no- *h₃és-i- 169 to burn *dʰegʷʰ- *swel- *h₁ews- 170 road *pónth₁s 171 mountain *men- *bʰerǵʰ- 172 red *h₁rewdʰós 173 green *ǵʰelh₃- *gʰreh₁- 174 yellow *ǵʰelh₃- 175 white *h₂elbʰós 176 black *swordós *h₂ems- *kr̥snós 177 night *nókʷts 178 day *h₂eǵh- *dei-n- 179 year *yeh₁- *wétos 180 warm *tep- *gʷʰer- 181 cold *gel- 182 full *pl̥h₁nós 183 new *néwos 184 old *sénos 185 good *bʰed- *h₁su- *h₁wésus 186 bad *h₂wap- *dus- 187 rotten *pu- 188 dirty *swerd- 189 straight *h₃reǵtós 190 round 191 sharp (as a knife)*h₁edʰ- *h₂ḱrós 192 dull (as a knife)*dʰwel- 193 smooth 194 wet *wed- 195 dry *ters- 196 correct *weh₁- 197 near *h₁opi *h₁epi *h₂énti 198 far *wi 199 right *deḱs- 200 left *leh₂ywós 201 at *h₁epi *opi *h₂éd *h₃ebʰi *h₃bʰi 202 in *h₁en *h₁(e)ntér 203 with *ḱóm *pe *me 204 and *-kʷe *de *nu *h₁é 205 if 206 because 207 name *h₁nómn̥
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template )
