Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷís

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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A PIE interrogative-indefinite paradigm built from the stems *kʷi- and *kʷe- (parallel to anaphoric *i-, *e-), the former on nominative and accusative cases of all genders, the latter elsewhere, with no distinction of feminine forms, mostly "human" – "non-human". A stem *kʷo-, an o-stem adjective, with its corresponding feminine *kʷeh₂-, was originally separate, but in most languages there was some conflation with the other two, as it is from this function that the relative pronoun evolves. Ultimately from *kʷ-.

Pronoun

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*kʷís

  1. who, what (interrogative)
  2. who, which, that (relative)

Declension

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[1]
Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kʷís *kʷís *kʷíd *kʷéyes *kʷéyes *kʷíh₂
accusative *kʷím *kʷím *kʷíd *kʷíms *kʷíms *kʷíh₂
genitive *kʷésyo *kʷésyo *kʷésyo *kʷéysom *kʷéysom *kʷéysom
dative *kʷésmey *kʷésmey *kʷésmey *kʷeybʰ- *kʷeybʰ- *kʷeybʰ-
locative *kʷésmi *kʷésmi *kʷésmi *kʷeysu *kʷeysu *kʷeysu
Robert Beekes's reconstruction
Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kʷé *kʷé *kʷíd *kʷéy *kʷéy *kʷíh₂
accusative *kʷím *kʷím *kʷíd *? *? *kʷíh₂
genitive *kʷéso *kʷéso *kʷéso *? *? *?
ablative *kʷéd? *kʷéd? *kʷéd? *? *? *?
dative *kʷésmey *kʷésmey *kʷésmey *? *? *?
locative *kʷésmi *kʷésmi *kʷésmi *? *? *?
instrumental *kʷéy *kʷéy *kʷéy *? *? *?
Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[2]
Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kʷe / *kʷís *kʷe / *kʷís *kʷíd *kʷéyes *kʷéyes *kʷíh₂
accusative *kʷím *kʷím *kʷíd *kʷíns *kʷíns *kʷíh₂
genitive *kʷéso *kʷéso *kʷéso *? *? *?
dative *kʷésm- *kʷésm- *kʷésm- *? *? *?
locative *kʷésm- *kʷésm- *kʷésm- *? *? *?
instrumental *kʷih₁ *kʷih₁ *kʷih₁ *? *? *?

Determiner

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*kʷós

  1. which, what

Declension

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kʷós *kʷéh₂ *kʷód *kʷóy *kʷeh₂(e)s *kʷeh₂
accusative *kʷóm *kʷéh₂m *kʷód *kʷóms *kʷeh₂ms *kʷeh₂
genitive *kʷósyo *? *kʷósyo *? *? *?
dative *kʷósmey *? *kʷósmey *? *? *?
Robert Beekes's reconstruction
Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *kʷó *kʷéh₂ *kʷód *kʷóy *kʷéh₂es? *kʷh₂?
accusative *kʷóm *? *kʷíd *? *? *kʷíh₂
genitive *kʷóso *? *kʷóso *? *? *?
ablative *kʷósmōd? *? *kʷósmōd? *? *? *?
dative *kʷósmōy *? *kʷósmōy *? *? *?
locative *kʷósmi *? *kʷósmi *? *? *?
instrumental *kʷóy *? *kʷóy *? *? *?

Derived terms

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Descendants

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The following lists the descendants of both *kʷís and *kʷós, as they were usually confused and merged together to various degrees.

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷís- not found

References

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  1. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510
  3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN