Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/éǵh₂

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

[edit]

    Reconstruction

    [edit]

    The presence of the laryngeal is confirmed by the -h- in Sanskrit ahám. Instead of the unknown medial laryngeal *-H-, *-h₂- is often reconstructed here on the basis of Indo-Iranian assimilation, but there is no secure evidence that would prove such an assumption.

    Three forms can be reconstructed formally for the nominative singular, using the comparative method:

    There seem to be no grounds for assuming an initial *h₁ in the nominative singular (although it is not impossible) or a final *-H in the form *éǵ. The form *éǵ is the most archaic one, with *eǵHóm and *eǵóh₂ being younger, dialectal variants. The sandhi form of *éǵ - *éḱ, with a final devoiced plosive, is attested in Baltic (Old Prussian as, es), Armenian ես (es), and apparently in the Hittite variant 𒌑𒊌 (ú-uk).

    For the oblique singular stem, a reconstruction of an initial *h₁ can be justified on the basis of Ancient Greek ἐμοί (emoí), Hittite 𒄠𒈬𒊌 (ammuk), and Armenian իմ (im).

    Pronoun

    [edit]

    *éǵh₂ (plural *wéy)

    1. I (first-person pronoun)

    Declension

    [edit]
    Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
    singular dual plural
    nominative *eǵoH *weh₁ *we-i
    accusative *m-mé (> *mé) ~ *me *n̥h₁-wé ~ *nō̆h₁ *n̥smé ~ *nō̆s
    genitive *mé-me ~ *mos (adj.) ? *n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s
    ablative **mm-ét (> *mét) ? *n̥sm-ét
    dative *mébʰi ~ *mey, *moy ? *n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s
    Notes
    • Oblique plural *n̥s- possibly continues earlier **m̥s- (same element of singular oblique stem with plural -s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic *nos for *mos, but the verb endings *-me(dʰh₂), *-mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.[1]
    • Dative *mégʰi for *mébʰi is attested in Italic and Indic, but not in Iranian, as 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬫𐬁 (maibyā). Also Sanskrit मह्यम् (máhyam) may be from original -bʰ-, as this sometimes becomes Indic -h- (even more here by dissimilation from initial m-).[2]
    Donald Ringe's reconstruction [3]
    singular dual plural
    nominative *éǵh₂ *wé *wéy
    accusative *m̥(m)é ~ *me *n̥h₃mé ~ *noh₃ *n̥smé ~ *nos
    genitive *méme ~ *moy ? ? ~ *nos
    dative *méǵʰye ~ *moy ? ? ~ *nos
    Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[4]
    Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European singular plural
    nominative *h₁eǵH *wey
    accusative *h₁me(ge) ~ *mē (?) *n̥s ~ *nōs (?)
    genitive *h₁mene ~ *moy ?
    dative *h₁meǵʰi ~ *moy ?
    oblique *h₁me- *n̥s- ~ *nos
    Outer-Anatolian IE singular plural
    nominative *h₁eǵH *wey
    oblique *h₁men-/*h₁mn *n̥s-
    enclitic *moy *nos
    Proto-Indo-European singular plural
    nominative *h₁eǵH ?
    accusative *h₁mn- ?
    oblique *h₁mn- ?
    Robert Beekes' reconstruction[5]
    singular plural
    nominative *h₁eǵ(Ho, -Hom) *wey
    accusative *h₁mé ~ *h₁me *n̥smé ~ *nōs
    genitive *h₁méne ~ *h₁moy *n̥s(er)o- ~ *nos
    ablative *h₁med *n̥smed
    dative *h₁méǵʰyo ~ *h₁moy *n̥smey ~ *n̥s
    locative *h₁móy *n̥smi
    instrumental *h₁móy ?
    poss. adj. *h₁mós *n̥sós
    Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction [6]
    singular dual plural
    nominative *h₁eg- *weh₁- *we-
    accusative *h₁me *n̥h₁we *n̥sme
    genitive *h₁mene *noh₁ *nos
    ablative *h₁med ? ?
    dative *h₁migʰi ? ?
    locative *h₁moy *n̥h₁wi *n̥smi
    Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[7]
    singular plural
    nominative *h₁eǵ *wey(s)
    accusative *h₁mé ~ h₁me *nōs
    genitive-locative *h₁moy *nos/*nes
    ablative *h₁méd ?
    dative *h₁mégʰyo ?
    poss. adj. *h₁mos *ns-tero-s?

    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Derived terms

    [edit]
    • *h₁mós
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: ἐμός (emós)
      • Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: իմ (im)
    • *memos (from gen. *méme, with loss of second m)?, *mewos (contaminated by *tewos, *sewos)?, *meyos (from dat. *mey)?

    Descendants

    [edit]
    • Proto-Albanian: *udz (< *)
      • Old Albanian: u (< *udh), ne (< *nōs)
        • Albanian: unë (< u + -) (attest. 1462, Skanderbeg's counselor), ne
    • Proto-Anatolian: *ʔúǵ, *wéyes (see there for further descendants)
    • Armenian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *eś, *ēˀź, *wēˀ, *mēˀs (< *mes)[8]
    • Proto-Celtic: *mī (< *me) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *ek, *ik, *eką (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *egṓ
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *egō (see there for further descendants)
    • Tocharian: (?)

    Coordinate terms

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
    2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 378
    3. ^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
    4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111
    5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
    6. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[1], Leiden University
    7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 367
    8. ^ Kapović, Mate (2006) Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic personal pronouns with emphasis on accentuation[2] (PhD dissertation), Zadar, Croatia: University of Zadar, page 159