Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/túh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*tī̆, *tū̆, *tuH, *tíh₁, *tu-

Etymology

Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008)^[1] proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

Pronoun

*túh₂

you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[2]
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tī̆ (tū̆)	*yuh₁ (?yūh₁)	*yūs (?yuHs)
accusative	t-wé ~ te	uh₁-wé ~ wō̆h₁	usmé ~ wō̆s
genitive	té-we ~ tos (adj.)	?	usóm ~ wō̆s
ablative	*tw-ét	?	*usm-ét
dative	tébʰi ~ tey, *toy	?	usm-éy ~ wō̆s

Donald Ringe's reconstruction^[3]
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*túh₂	*yú	*yū́
accusative	twé ~ te	uh₃wé ~ woh₃	uswé ~ wos
genitive	téwe ~ toy	?	? ~ *wos
dative	tébʰye ~ toy	?	? ~ *wos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction^[1]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	twe(ge) ~ twē (?)	us ~ wōs (?)
genitive	tewe ~ toi	?
dative	tebʰi ~ toy	?
oblique	*twe-	us- ~ wos
Outer-Anatolian IE	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
oblique	tew-/tu-	*us-
enclitic	*toy	*wos
Proto-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tíh₁	?
accusative	*tu-	?
oblique	*tu-	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction^[4]
	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	*twé	usmé ~ wōs
genitive	téwe ~ toy	yus(er)o- ~ wos
ablative	*twed	*usmed
dative	tébʰio ~ toi	*usmey
locative	*tóy	*usmi
instrumental	*tóy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*usos

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction^[5]
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tu-	*yuh₁-	*yu-
accusative	*twe	*uh₁e	*usme
genitive	*tewe	*woh₁	*wos
ablative	*twed	?	?
dative	*tubʰi	?	?
locative	*toy	*uh₁i	*usmi

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction^[6]
	singular	plural
nominative	*tí(H)	*yúH(s)
accusative	*twé	*wōs
genitive	téwe ~ toy	wos/wes
ablative	*twéd	?
dative	*toy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*us-tero-s?

Derived terms

*tewos (from gen. *téwe)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)
- Proto-Italic: *towos
  - Old Latin: tovos
    - Latin: tuus (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< *twé), քո (kʻo) (< *two-), դուք (dukʻ) (< *tú-s)
  - Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez), քո (kʻo); դուք (dukʻ)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: tu
- Tocharian B: tuwe

Coordinate terms

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[1], Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691