Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematisation of *(H)ís.

Pronoun

*yós or *Hyós

1. that, who, which (relative)

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*yós	*yéh₂
genitive	*yósyo	*yósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yós	*yóh₁	*yóy
accusative	*yóm	*yóh₁	*yóms
genitive	*yósyo	*?	*yóysoHom
ablative	*yósmead	*?	*yóymos, *yóybʰos
dative	*yósmey	*?	*yóymos, *yóybʰos
locative	*yósmi	*?	*yóysu
instrumental	*yónoh₁	*?	*yṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yéh₂	*?	*yéh₂es
accusative	*yā́m	*?	*yéh₂m̥s
genitive	*yósyeh₂s	*?	*yéh₂soHom
ablative	*yósyeh₂s	*?	*yéh₂mos, *yéh₂bʰos
dative	*yósyeh₂ey	*?	*yéh₂mos, *yéh₂bʰos
locative	*yósyeh₂	*?	*yéh₂su
instrumental	*yéh₂(e)h₁	*?	*yéh₂mis, *yéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yód	*yóy	*yéh₂
accusative	*yód	*yóy	*yéh₂
genitive	*yósyo	*?	*yóysoHom
ablative	*yósmead	*?	*yóymos, *yóybʰos
dative	*yósmey	*?	*yóymos, *yóybʰos
locative	*yósmi	*?	*yóysu
instrumental	*yónoh₁	*?	*yṓys

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂yós
• *h₁yós

Derived terms

• *(H)yoyso-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *yóihos
    • Ancient Greek: οἷος (hoîos)
• *(H)yó-ti (“how many (rel.)”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: यति (yáti)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yeⁱti)
  • ⇒ *(H)yoty-o-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *yótsos
      • Ancient Greek: ὅσος (hósos)
• *(H)yótro
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyátra
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyátra
      • Vedic Sanskrit: यत्रा (yátrā) (with word-final lengthening)
      • Sanskrit: यत्र (yátra)
        • Pali: yatra
    • Proto-Iranian: *Hyátra
      • Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā)
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (yaθra)
• *(H)yeh₂-wot
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἧος (hêos), ἕως (héōs)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: यावत् (yāvat)
• *(H)yó-th₂
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Aeolic Greek: ὅτα (hóta, “when”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátʰaH (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *yos, *yo
  • Celtiberian: ios
  • Gaulish: -ío
• Proto-Hellenic: *yós
  • Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)
• Italic:
  • Latin: iam (< *jā́m)
• Phrygian: ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/)

Unsorted formations

• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ὡς (hōs) ὅστις (hóstis), ἡλίκος (hēlíkos), ἡνίκα (hēníka), ἦμος (êmos)