Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thematisation of *ís.^[1]

Pronoun

*yós or *Hyós^[1]^[2]

that, who, which (relative)

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*yós	*yéh₂
genitive	*yósyo	*yósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yós	*yóh₁	*yóy
accusative	*yóm	*yóh₁	*yóms
genitive	*yósyo	*?	*yóysoHom
ablative	*yósmead	*?	yóymos, yóybʰos
dative	*yósmey	*?	yóymos, yóybʰos
locative	*yósmi	*?	*yóysu
instrumental	*yónoh₁	*?	*yṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yéh₂	*?	*yéh₂es
accusative	*yā́m	*?	*yéh₂m̥s
genitive	*yósyeh₂s	*?	*yéh₂soHom
ablative	*yósyeh₂s	*?	yéh₂mos, yéh₂bʰos
dative	*yósyeh₂ey	*?	yéh₂mos, yéh₂bʰos
locative	*yósyeh₂	*?	*yéh₂su
instrumental	*yéh₂(e)h₁	*?	yéh₂mis, yéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yód	*yóy	*yéh₂
accusative	*yód	*yóy	*yéh₂
genitive	*yósyo	*?	*yóysoHom
ablative	*yósmead	*?	yóymos, yóybʰos
dative	*yósmey	*?	yóymos, yóybʰos
locative	*yósmi	*?	*yóysu
instrumental	*yónoh₁	*?	*yṓys

Derived terms

*yoyso-^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic: *yóihos
  - Ancient Greek: οἷος (hoîos)
*yo-ty-o
- Proto-Hellenic: *yótsos
  - Ancient Greek: ὅσος (hósos)
*Hyótro^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyátra
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyátra(H)
    - Vedic Sanskrit: यत्रा (yátrā)
    - Sanskrit: यत्र (yátra)
      - Pali: yatra
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hyátra(H)
    - Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬁 (yaθrā)
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (yaθra)
*yeh₂-wot
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἧος (hêos), ἕως (héōs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: यावत् (yāvat)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyátʰaH (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *jь (partially) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *yos, *yo
- Celtiberian: ios
- Gaulish: -ío
Proto-Hellenic: *yós
- Ancient Greek: ὅς (hós)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyás (see there for further descendants)
Italic:
- Latin: iam (< *jā́m)
Phrygian: ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/)
Unsorted formations:
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὡς (hōs) ὅστις (hóstis), ἡλίκος (hēlíkos), ἡνίκα (hēníka), ἦμος (êmos)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 396
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τοῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1491
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yátra”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[sihler-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 396

[2] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τοῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1491

[IAIL-4] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yátra”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

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