Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ek

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *eka, *ik

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ek/

Pronoun

*ek

1. I

Inflection

Proto-Germanic personal pronouns

singular	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*ek (unstr. *ik)	*þū	(*se-)
accusative	*mek (unstr. *mik)	*þek (unstr. *þik)	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*miz	*þiz	*siz
possessive	*mīnaz	*þīnaz	*sīnaz
dual	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*wet (unstr. *wit)	*jut, *jit	(*se-)
accusative	*unk	*inkw	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*unkiz	*inkwiz	*siz
possessive	*unkeraz	*inkweraz	*sīnaz
plural	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*wīz (unstr. *wiz)	*jūz, *jīz	(*se-)
accusative	*uns	*izwiz	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*unsiz	*izwiz	*siz
possessive	*unseraz	*izweraz	*sīnaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *ik
  • Old English: iċ, ih, ich — Northumbrian, iċċ, ᛁᚳ (ic) — Ruthwell Cross
    • Southern Middle English: ich
      • English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)
      • Yola: ich (revived)
    • Northern Middle English: ik
      • Scots: ik (rare)
    • Later Middle English: I
      • English: I
      • Scots: A, I
  • Old Frisian: ik
    • North Frisian: ick, ik
    • Saterland Frisian: iek
    • West Frisian: ik
  • Old Saxon: ik
    • Middle Low German: ik, ek
      • German Low German: ik
  • Old Dutch: ik, ic
    • Middle Dutch: ic, icke
      • Dutch: ik, ick, ikke
        • Afrikaans: ek
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
        • Jersey Dutch: äk
        • Petjo: ik
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: ek
  • Old High German: ih
    • Middle High German: ich, ig
      • Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
        • Sensler: [iː]
        • Swabian: i
          • Sathmar Swabian: i
      • Bavarian: i
        • Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
        • Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
        • Mòcheno: i
      • Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
        • Hunsrückisch: äijsch
          • Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]
        • Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]
        • Kölsch: ich
      • East Central German:
        • Erzgebirgisch: iech
        • Silesian East Central German: iech
        • Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
      • East Franconian: i, iech
      • German: ich
      • Luxembourgish: ech
      • Rhine Franconian:
        • Hessian: aisch
        • Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]
      • Vilamovian: ych
      • Yiddish: איך (ikh), ich
    • → Limburgish: ich, iech, ik, iich (Eupen), ech (Southeast Limburgish)
• Proto-Norse: ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ), -ᚲᚨ (-ka), -ᚳᚨ (-ka), -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ) — enclitic
  • Old Norse: ek, iak — Old East Norse, -k — enclitic
    • Icelandic: ég
    • Faroese: eg, jeg
    • Norn: eg
    • Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj (dialectal)
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: eg
    • Jamtish: jeg
    • Dalian: ik, ig
      • Elfdalian: ig
    • Old Swedish: iak, iæk, iag, iagh, iach (late), ᛁᛆᚴ, ᛁᛅᚴ (Runic)
      • Swedish: jag
    • Old Danish: iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak
      • Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ (dialectal)
        • Norwegian Bokmål: jeg
      • Scanian: jağ
      • Jutish: æ
    • Old Gutnish: iek
• Gothic: 𐌹𐌺 (ik)
• Crimean Gothic: ich
• Vandalic: *ic