je

See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"

Languages (43)

Albanian • Bassa • Blagar • Bourguignon • Czech • Dutch • Esperanto • Franco-Provençal • French • Garo • German • Haitian Creole • Icelandic • Ido • Igbo • Indonesian • Japanese • Jersey Dutch • Kari'na • Lashi • Lower Sorbian • Malay • Marshallese • Mbyá Guaraní • Middle French • Middle Low German • Mokilese • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Czech • Old French • Polish • Samogitian • Saterland Frisian • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • Slovene • Swahili • Ternate • Turkish • Turkmen • Upper Sorbian • Welsh • West Makian

Page categories

Albanian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /je/

Verb

je

second-person singular present indicative of jam

Bassa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dʒe]

Noun

je

jealousy
a kind of lizard

References

Bassa-English Dictionary
2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Blagar

Noun

je

canoe

References

Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 173

Bourguignon

Alternative forms

i (normal form)

Etymology

The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.

Pronoun

je

(rare) Alternative form of i

Related terms

Bourguignon personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Inversion	Reflexive	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Disjunctive (tonic)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)
Singular	First	—	i (rarely je)	-je	me, m’			moi	—	—
	Second	—	tu, t'	-tu	te, t’			toi	—	—
	Third	Masculine	ai, before vowels el	-ti	se, s’	le, l’	lu	lu	y	en
		Feminine	ale	-ti		la, l’		lei	y	en
		Neuter	çai	-ce		çai		çai, çan	—	—
		—	an	-an		—	—	soi	—	—
Plural	First	—	i (rarely je)	-je	nos				—	—
	Second	—	vos	-vos	vos				—	—
	Third	Masculine	ai, before vowels el	-ti	se, s’	les	lor	lor	y	en
	Third	Feminine	ales	-ti	se, s’	les	lor	lor	y	en

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈjɛ]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.^{[cs 1]}

Pronoun

je

third-person plural accusative of on
third-person plural accusative of ona
third-person singular/plural accusative of ono

Etymology 2

Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.^{[cs 1]}

Verb

je

third-person singular present indicative of být

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rejzek, Jiří (2007) Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Version 1.0 edition, Prague: Leda

Dutch

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jə/
Audio: (file)

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.

Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
(indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)
Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.

In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.
- 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw‎^[1], page 4:
  „Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)"
  "If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"
(personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences
Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.
- 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant‎^[2], page 17:
  Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"
  About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"
- 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant‎^[3] (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:
  Hoe gaat het nou?
  Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè
  How are things?
  Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?

Usage notes

When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:

Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.

It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.

In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.

Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.

Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive⁵
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k¹	mij	me	mijn	m'n¹	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie¹	hem	'm¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't¹	het	't¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze²	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal⁶	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen³, hun⁴	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
¹⁾ Not as common in written language. ²⁾ Inflected as an adjective. ³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). ⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). ⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. ⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").				⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'

Descendants

Jersey Dutch: je

Etymology 2

Determiner

je (second person, possessive)

possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)
Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.
possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's
Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive⁵
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k¹	mij	me	mijn	m'n¹	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie¹	hem	'm¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't¹	het	't¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze²	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal⁶	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen³, hun⁴	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
¹⁾ Not as common in written language. ²⁾ Inflected as an adjective. ³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). ⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). ⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. ⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").				⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'

Etymology 3

Pronoun

je (second person, reflexive)

reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself
Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?
reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves
Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive⁵
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k¹	mij	me	mijn	m'n¹	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie¹	hem	'm¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't¹	het	't¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze²	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal⁶	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen³, hun⁴	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
¹⁾ Not as common in written language. ²⁾ Inflected as an adjective. ³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). ⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). ⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. ⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").				⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'

Esperanto

Etymology

From German je (“ever, per”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [je]
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: je

Preposition

je

An all-purpose preposition.

Usage notes

The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.

It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:

"He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)

"I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)

"She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)

Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:

Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”

Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”

Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”

Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:

La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”

La kato saltis je [sub] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”

La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”

Related terms

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo.

Pronoun

je (prevocalic j', postpositive -jo) (ORB, broad)

I (first-person singular nominative)

References

je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
je in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

From Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒə/
(informal) IPA^(key): (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ə

Pronoun

je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)

I

Usage notes

When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
- Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.
  We will go, Rose, you and I.

Derived terms

j’

Related terms

French personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)	Disjunctive (tonic)
Singular	First	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi
	Second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi
	Third	Masculine	il	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui
		Feminine	elle	la, l’	lui	y	en	elle
		Indeterminate	on¹	—	—	—	—	—
		Reflexive	—	se, s’⁴		—	—	soi⁴
Plural	First	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous
	Second	—	vous²	vous²^,3		—	—	vous²
	Third	Masculine	ils³	les	leur	y	en	eux³
	Third	Feminine	elles	les	leur	y	en	elles

¹ Also used as the first person plural.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

³ Also used when a group has both men and women.

⁴ Also used as third person plural reflexive.

Garo

Etymology

Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)

Pronoun

je

References

Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎^[4], Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56

German

Etymology

Old High German io.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jeː/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -eː
Homophone: jäh (regional)

Adverb

je

ever
- 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:
  Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.
  And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.
per
(with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the
je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better

je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better

Derived terms

je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
je nach
je nachdem

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒe/

Noun

je

eye
Alternative form: zye

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɛː/
Rhymes: -ɛː

Etymology 1

Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).

Interjection

je

oh my!

Derived terms

je minn eini

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English yeah.

Interjection

je

(slang, dated) yeah (indicating enthusiastic appreciation, etc.)

Etymology 3

Noun

je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)

(obsolete) name of the letter J, j
Synonym: joð

Declension

Declension of je (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	je	jeið	je	jein
accusative	je	jeið	je	jein
dative	jei	jeinu	jeum	jeunum
genitive	jes	jesins	jea	jeanna

Ido

Etymology

From j +‎ -e.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒe/, /ʒɛ/

Noun

je (plural je-i)

The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

Igbo

Alternative forms

jee (Onitsha)

Verb

je

go
walk

Derived terms

ije

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/, [d͡ʒe]

Noun

jé (plural je-je)

The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
(1901–1947, 1947–1972) Superseded spelling of ye.

Japanese

Romanization

je

The katakana syllable ジェ (je) in Hepburn-like romanization.
The katakana syllable ヂェ (je) in Hepburn-like romanization.

Jersey Dutch

Alternative forms

jāi

Etymology

From Dutch je.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jə/

Pronoun

je

you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)

Kari'na

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü / dhedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.

Pronunciation

(Venezuela) IPA^(key): [ðe]
(Suriname) IPA^(key): [je]

Noun

je (possessed jery)

References

Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎^[5], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931) “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes‎^[6], Paris, 1956, page 537

Lashi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʑe/

Adverb

je

more (comparative)

References

Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[7], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

nje (after a preposition)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɛ/

Pronoun

je

accusative of wóni

Malay

Etymology 1

Phonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒə/
Rhymes: -ə

Adverb

je

(informal) Alternative form of sahaja.

Etymology 2

From English jay.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/ [ˈd͡ʒe]

Noun

jé (plural je-je)

The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

Synonyms

je (Indonesian)
jim (Jawi letter name)

Marshallese

Etymology

From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.

Pronunciation

(phonetic) IPA^(key): [tʲe]
(phonemic) IPA^(key): /tʲej/
Bender phonemes: {jȩy}

Noun

je

References

Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Mbyá Guaraní

Particle

je

indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.
Mboapy'i je oo jepe raka'e.
It is said that few could escape.

Middle French

Pronoun

je

Alternative form of ie

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

Stem vowel: ê⁴
- (originally) IPA^(key): /jeː/

Pronoun

jê

Alternative form of gî.

Mokilese

Verb

je

to shout

References

Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press 1977

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.(Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jeː/, /jɛː/, /jæː/
IPA^(key): /jeːɡ/, /jeː/ (rare, Northern Romerike)

Pronoun

je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)

(pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of eg (“I”)

Old Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈjɛ/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈjɛ/

Pronoun

je

singular accusative of ono

Old French

Alternative forms

e, eo, eu, io
j, jei, jen, jeo, jeu, jo, joe, jou, ju
g, ge, gé, gen, geo, gié, go, gou, gu

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronoun

je

I
- c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
  qant je vos voi de tel meniere
  when I see you in such a state

Descendants

Angevin: je
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: je
Bourguignon: i, je
Champenois: ju, je, jou
Franc-Comtois: i
Middle French: ie, je, i', j' (elided)
- French: je, j’
- Norman: jeo, je
Gallo: je
Lorrain: i, idj, jge, dje, jé
Orléanais: je
Picard: ej, jou
Poitevin-Saintongeais: jhe
Walloon: dji

References

“je”, in DEAF: Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1968-.

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjɛ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ
Syllabification: je

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

accusative of one
accusative of ono

Etymology 2

Verb

je

third-person singular present indicative of jeść

Etymology 3

Verb

je

(colloquial) third-person singular present indicative of być

Samogitian

Etymology

Compare Lithuanian jei.

Conjunction

je

if

References

“Žemaičių Žodynas”, in Žemaičių žemė‎^[8] (overall work in Lithuanian), 2012, page 19: “Je — jeigu, jei”

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jə/
Hyphenation: je
Rhymes: -ə

Particle

je

Used to intensify a statement to express it is a known fact; obviously, of course

References

Marron C. Fort (2015) “je”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /je/

Etymology 1

Shortened from jȅst (“is”).

Verb

je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))

Etymology 2

Pronoun

je (Cyrillic spelling је)

of her (clitic genitive singular of òna (“she”))
her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

Declension

Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

Slovak

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [je]

Etymology 1

The older jest, derived from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

Verb

je

third-person singular present indicative of byť

Related terms

jestvovať

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ěstь, 3rd person singular present form of *ěsti (“to eat”). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

je

third-person singular present indicative of jesť

Slovene

Pronunciation 1

IPA^(key): /jɛ́/

Verb

jȅ

third-person singular present of bíti

Pronunciation 2

IPA^(key): /jèː/

Verb

jẹ́

third-person singular present of jẹ́sti

Swahili

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Particle

je

well? now? (used to call attention to a question)

Usage notes

Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).

Adverb

-je

A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.
umelalaje?
how did you sleep?

Ternate

Etymology

Clipping of waje.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/

Conjunction

je

Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)
ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead

References

Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒe/

Noun

je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)

The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

Turkmen

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/

Noun

je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)

The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

Declension

Declension of je

	singular	plural
nominative	je	jeler
accusative	jäni	jeleri
genitive	jäniň	jeleriň
dative	jä	jelere
locative	jede	jelerde
ablative	jeden	jelerden

Upper Sorbian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjɛ/
Rhymes: -ɛ
Syllabification: je

Verb

je

third-person singular present of być
Wón je zadołženy.
He is in debt.

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʒeː/

Noun

je f (plural jeau, not mutable)

The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

West Makian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/

Numeral

je

attaches to pronouns to form the dual
ini je ― you two

eme je ― they two

References

Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[9], Pacific linguistics

[leda-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Rejzek, Jiří (2007) Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Version 1.0 edition, Prague: Leda

[cs 1]

person	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
case	singular			singular masculine	singular feminine	singular neuter
nominative	eg, je¹	du		han	ho	det, dat²
accusative	meg	deg	seg	han, honom²	ho, henne²	det, dat²
dative²	meg	deg	seg	honom	henne	di²
genitive	min	din	sin	hans	hennar, hennes¹	dess³
case	plural
nominative	me, vi	de, dokker			dei
accusative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg		dei, deim²
dative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg		deim²
genitive	vår, okkar	dykkar, dokkar	sin		deira, deires¹

Albanian

Pronunciation

Verb

Bassa

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Blagar

Noun

References

Bourguignon

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronoun

Related terms

Czech

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

See also

Etymology 2

Verb

References

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

Usage notes

Declension

Descendants

Etymology 2

Determiner

Declension

Etymology 3

Pronoun

Declension

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

Related terms

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Pronoun

See also

References

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Usage notes

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

Garo

Etymology

Pronoun

References

German

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Derived terms

Further reading

Haitian Creole

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Icelandic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Interjection

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Interjection

Etymology 3

Noun

Declension

Ido