jo
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Page categories
English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Scots jo (“joy”), from Middle English joye, from Old French joie, from Late Latin gaudia, neuter plural (mistaken as feminine singular) of Latin gaudium (“joy”), from gaudēre (“to be glad, rejoice”). Doublet of joy and gaudy (“Oxford college reunion”).
Noun
[edit]jo (plural jos)
- (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
- On Old long syne my Jo,
on Old long syne,
That thou canst never once reflect,
on Old long syne.
- On Old long syne my Jo,
- My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)
- Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
My jo, Janet.
- Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]jo (plural jo)
- The staff used in the Japanese martial art of jodo or jojutsu.
Anagrams
[edit]Albanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Likely a babble word, compare Turkish yok (“no”), and its derivates in other Balkanic languages such as Romanian ioc, Macedonian јок (jok). Comparison with German ja (“yes”)[1] is semantically hard to explain.
Pronunciation
[edit]Determiner
[edit]jo
Synonyms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “jo”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 159
Basque
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unknown.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
- Rhymes: -o
- Hyphenation: jo
Verb
[edit]jo du (imperfect participle jotzen, future participle joko, short form jo, verbal noun jotze)
- to hit, strike, punch
- (music) to play
- Gitarra jo nahi dut. ― I want to play the guitar.
- to knock, rap
- Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. ― An ugly man knocked on the door.
- to crash
- to head, go
- to blow (the wind)
- Synonym: ibili
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], Euskaltzaindia
- “jo”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005
Bavarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Icelandic jú, Swedish jo. Equivalent to standard High German doch.
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]jo
- yes (in response to a negative question).
- Woids es ned na fuat heid? Jo, owa's wedda is a weng schlecht.
- Wolltet ihr nicht noch heute furt? Doch, aber das Wetter is etwas schlecht.
Catalan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Catalan jo~io~yo, from Vulgar Latin eō (attested from the sixth century), from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Occitan jo, Spanish yo, French je, Italian io.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]jo (strong)
Declension
[edit]Synonyms
[edit]- mi (after most prepositions)
Noun
[edit]jo m (uncountable)
References
[edit]- “jo” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “jo”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “jo” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “jo” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]jo
- (colloquial) yeah, yep
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
- “jo”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
Dalmatian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
Danish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
- as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
- 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:
- Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
- I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
- 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN, page 479:
- Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
- After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
- 2016, Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:
- Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
- I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?
Conjunction
[edit]jo
- the
- Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
- The more I run, the more tired I become.
- Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
Usage notes
[edit]jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]jo
- yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
- Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!
- You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!
- Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!
- I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!
Usage notes
[edit]Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").
References
[edit]- “jo” in Den Danske Ordbog
Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Interjection
[edit]jo
- hi
- Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!
- bye
- Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!
- you too
- Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!
Esperanto
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Noun
[edit]jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
See also
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *jo (compare Estonian ju, Ingrian jo, Karelian jo, Livonian jo, Veps jo, Votic jo), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”)).[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
- already (prior to some time; so soon)
- Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
- I already finished (reading) the book.
- (literally, “I already read the book to the end.”)
- Nytkö jo lähdet?
- You're already leaving?
- now, already (emphasizer)
- Tule jo! (impatiently)
- Come now!
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “jo”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words][1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
- ^ “ju”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Friulian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronoun
[edit]jo
See also
[edit]German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates. Compare English yo.
Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]jo
- (colloquial, dialectal) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.
Etymology 2
[edit]From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo, Middle English yo (> English yo).
Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]jo
- (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.
Derived terms
[edit]Ingrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *jo. Cognates include Finnish jo and Estonian ju.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
- already
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
- Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
- Kiko and Miko are already swimming.
- Emphasises the sentence.
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 64:
- Jo nyt mahan lukkia.
- Now I can read.
References
[edit]- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
Italian
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]jo
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]jo
- The hiragana syllable じょ (jo) or the katakana syllable ジョ (jo) in Hepburn romanization.
- The hiragana syllable ぢょ (jo) or the katakana syllable ヂョ (jo) in Hepburn romanization.
Karelian
[edit]North Karelian (Viena) |
jo |
---|---|
South Karelian (Tver) |
jo |
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *jo. Cognates include Finnish jo and Veps jo.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
Interjection
[edit]jo
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- A. V. Punzhina (1994) “jo”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
- Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “jo”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja[3], Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN
- P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN
Kashubian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from German jo. Compare Slovincian jo (“yes”), Silesian ja (“yes”), regional Polish ja (“yes”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]jo
- yes
- Synonym: tak
- Jo, mògã to zrobic. ― Yes, I can do it.
- Jo, jô jem tam béł. ― Yes, I have been there.
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “tak”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[4]
Konabéré
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]jo
Alternative forms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Beatrice Tiendrébéogo, Rapport Sociolinguistique sur la Langue Bobo Madaré (SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2007-005: 55), page 44
- Chiara Alfieri, Bernard Taverne, Ethnophysiologie, règles et précautions chez les Bobo Madare et les Mossi
Lashi
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]jo
References
[edit]- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid[5], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Latvian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]jo
Particle
[edit]jo
Lithuanian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Determiner
[edit]jo
- his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)
Pronoun
[edit]jo m
- third-person singular genitive of jis
- Alternative form of juo
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle High German ja, possibly via Yiddish יאָ (yo). Compare Latvian jā.
Particle
[edit]jo
- (colloquial) yeah
- Synonym: (standard term) taip
Usage notes
[edit]- Formerly considered obsolete, but seems to have been revived, possibly by influence of English yeah.
- Usage discouraged by the VLKK.
References
[edit]- “jo”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2024
Livonian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]jo
- more; used with adjectives to form comparatives
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
- pitkā, jo pitkā
- long, longer
- pitkā, jo pitkā
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Etymology 2
[edit]Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]jo
- yet, already, after all
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
- mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
- bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
- amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
- not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")
- mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Usage notes
[edit]- LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
- LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.
Lower Sorbian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]jo
- yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)
Verb
[edit]jo
Pronoun
[edit]jo
- accusative of wóno
Alternative forms
[edit]- njo (after preposition)
Further reading
[edit]- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “jo”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “jo”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Luxembourgish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
See also
[edit]Verb
[edit]jo
Murui Huitoto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognates include Minica Huitoto jo and Nüpode Huitoto jo.
Pronunciation
[edit]Root
[edit]jo
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[6], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 127
North Frisian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare West Frisian hja.
Pronoun
[edit]jo (Föhr-Amrum)
- third-person plural personal pronoun
- they (subject case)
- them, themselves (object case)
Alternative forms
[edit]See also
[edit]personal | possessive | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
subject case | object case | masculine referent | feminine / neuter referent | plural referent | |||||
full | reduced | full | reduced | attributive | independent | ||||
singular | 1st | ik | 'k | mi | man | min | minen | ||
2nd | dü | – | di | dan | din | dinen | |||
3rd m. | hi | 'r | ham | 'n | san | sin | sinen | ||
3rd f. / n. | hat | at, 't | at, 't | ||||||
plural | 1st | wi | 'f | üs | üüs | üüsen | |||
üsens | |||||||||
2nd | jam | 'm | jam | jau | jauen | ||||
jamens | |||||||||
3rd | jo | 's | jo | 's | hör | hören | |||
hörens | |||||||||
notes | The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör. Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents. The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation. |
Northern Sami
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
Further reading
[edit]- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[7], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Etymology 1
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
- yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
- Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.
- You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
- yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
- Vil du være med? - Jo...
- Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...
Usage notes
[edit]Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.
Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joer, definite plural joene)
- a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “jo” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
- “jo_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
- “jo_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse jór, from Proto-Germanic *ehwaz.
Noun
[edit]jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)
- a horse (only used in given names)
Related terms
[edit]Male given names:
Female given names:
Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- gjod (alternative spelling)
Noun
[edit]jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)
- a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]From Norwegian Bokmål jo, from Danish jo.
Adverb
[edit]jo
- Alternative form of jau
Etymology 4
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
- Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – “as you well know,” “of course.”
- Synonym: no
- Han kom jo aldri
- But he never came though
- Ikkje rart at du fekk ølskummet over heile golvet. Ein skal jo ikkje slå på ølboksen fyri ein opnar den!
- It’s not weird that you’ve got the beer foam all-over the floor. You shouldn’t punch the beer can before you open it, y’know!
References
[edit]- “jo” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Occitan
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronoun
[edit]jo (Gascony)
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]jo m
Old French
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]jo
- (Old Northern French) Alternative form of je
- c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
- Jo di e dirai ke jo sui
- I say and will say that I am
Old Frisian
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]jō
- Alternative form of jū, accusative/dative of jī
Inflection
[edit]Plautdietsch
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
Polabian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.
Pronoun
[edit]jo
- first-person pronoun; I
References
[edit]- The template Template:R:pox:SejDp does not use the parameter(s):
3=2
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “jo”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 225 - Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “jo”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 75
- Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Je”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 374
Polish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Syllabification: jo
Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.
Pronoun
[edit]jo
Etymology 2
[edit]Particle
[edit]jo
- (colloquial or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń) yeah, yep
Alternative forms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- jo in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Antoni Krasnowolski (1879) “jo”, in Album uczącéj się młodzieży polskiéj poświęcone Józefowi Ignacemu Kraszewskiemu z powodu jubileuszu jego pięćdziesięcioletniéj działalności literackiéj (in Polish), Lviv: Czytelni Akademickiéj Lwowskiéj; "Gaz. Narod." J. Dobrzańskiego i K. Gromana, Słowniczek prowincjalizmów zebranych w ziemi chełmińskiej i świeckiej, page 303
Saterland Frisian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Frisian hiā. Cognates include West Frisian hja and North Frisian jo.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]jo (oblique hier)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Marron C. Fort (2015) “jo”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
Slovincian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.
Pronoun
[edit]jo
- I (first-person pronoun)
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from German ja (“yes; yes!”). Compare Kashubian jo (“yes”), Silesian ja (“yes”), regional Polish ja (“yes”).
Particle
[edit]jo
References
[edit]- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “jǻu̯”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[8] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 389
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “jǻu̯!”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[9] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 389
Spanish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Interjection
[edit]¡jo!
- stop, whoa (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Euphemistic clipping of joder (“fuck”).
Interjection
[edit]¡jo!
- (euphemistic) Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion
- ¡Jo! ― I never heard anything like that before. / Are you serious? / Boy!
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
Swahili
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]jo
Swedish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Swedish iū, from Old Norse jaur.
Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]jo
- yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question (has no English equivalent, but is similar to French si)
- Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.
- You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
- yes (more generally, in a similar vein to jodå – see its usage notes)
- – Är det du som är han? – Jo, det är jag.
- – Are you that guy? – Yep, that's me.
- yeah
- Ah, jo, det stämmer nog när jag tänker efter
- Ah, yeah, that's probably correct when I think about it
- (with an excited, rising tone) Expresses having an insight; oh
- Jo(ooo)! Nu kom jag på hur man löser pusslet.
- O(ooo)h! I figured out how to solve the puzzle now.
- A filler, at the start of an utterance (to get someone's attention); listen, so, hey, etc. (compare "yeah")
- Jo, det är så att det är en grej som jag måste berätta för er
- So, there is something that I have to tell you ("So, it is such that there is a thing that I have to tell you," with some common stalling wording)
Usage notes
[edit]Ja (“yes”) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker. In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- jo in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- jo in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- jo in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams
[edit]Veps
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *jo.
Adverb
[edit]jo
References
[edit]- Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary][10], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Votic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *jo.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jo
Particle
[edit]jo
- An emphatic intensifying particle.
References
[edit]- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “jo”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
West Frisian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
Pronoun
[edit]jo
- you (second person singular nominative formal pronoun)
Usage notes
[edit]Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.
Inflection
[edit]Number | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Reflexive | Determiner | Pronoun | ||||
Singular | First | ik | my | mysels | myn | mines | |
Second | Informal | do/dû1 | dy | dysels | dyn | dines | |
Formal | jo | jo | josels | jo | jowes | ||
Third | Masculine | hy | him | himsels | syn | sines | |
Feminine | sy/hja1 | har | harsels | har | harres | ||
Neuter | it | it | himsels | syn | sines | ||
Plural | First | wy | ús | ússels | ús | uzes | |
Second | jim(me) | jim(me) | jimsels/jinsels | jim(me) | jimmes | ||
Third | sy/hja1 | har(ren) | harsels | har(ren) | harres | ||
1. Now mostly archaic and unused |
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Determiner
[edit]jo
- your (second-person singular formal possessive determiner)
Further reading
[edit]- “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Ye'kwana
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Postposition
[edit]jo
- (with following directional suffix -nno) indicates a point of origin
Usage notes
[edit]This postposition also infrequently occurs without -nno, in which case it is not clear whether it inflects at all and its meaning is difficult to determine.
References
[edit]- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[11], Lyon, pages 277–278
Yoruba
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *jó, compare with Igala jó
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]jó
- (intransitive) to dance
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Possibly from Proto-Yoruboid *jó, cognate with Igala jó
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]jó
- (ergative) to burn
- (transitive) to sting; to irritate
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]jò
- to drip
Derived terms
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