Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jūz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yū́, plural of *túh₂.

Alternative forms

• *jīz (North-West Germanic)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /juːz/

Pronoun

*jūz

1. you (plural)

Inflection

Proto-Germanic personal pronouns

singular	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*ek (unstr. *ik)	*þū	(*se-)
accusative	*mek (unstr. *mik)	*þek (unstr. *þik)	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*miz	*þiz	*siz
possessive	*mīnaz	*þīnaz	*sīnaz
dual	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*wet (unstr. *wit)	*jut, *jit	(*se-)
accusative	*unk	*inkw	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*unkiz	*inkwiz	*siz
possessive	*unkeraz	*inkweraz	*sīnaz
plural	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*wīz (unstr. *wiz)	*jūz, *jīz	(*se-)
accusative	*uns	*izwiz	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*unsiz	*izwiz	*siz
possessive	*unseraz	*izweraz	*sīnaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *jiʀ
  • Old English: ġē, gī — Northumbrian
    • Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
      • English: ye, yee
      • Scots: ȝe, ye
      • Yola: ye
  • Old Frisian: jī
    • North Frisian: jam, i (Sylt)
    • Saterland Frisian: jie
    • West Frisian: jim, jimme
  • Old Saxon: gī
    • Middle Low German: gî, gê, î, y, ie, jê
      • Low German: ji, jie
        • Plautdietsch: jie
  • Old Dutch: gī
    • Middle Dutch: gi
      • Dutch: gij, jij
        • Afrikaans: jy
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
        • Jersey Dutch: jāi
        • Negerhollands: joe, ju
        • Petjo: jij
      • Limburgish: geer
  • Old High German: ir, ier, er, aer, gi
    • Middle High German: ir
      • Alemannic German: ir
      • Bavarian:
        • Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)
        • Mòcheno: ir
      • Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
        • Hunsrik: deer
        • Luxembourgish: dir
      • German: ihr
      • Rhine Franconian:
        • Pennsylvania German: dihr
      • Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish
• Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛁᛉ (*jiʀ)
  • Old West Norse: ér
    • Icelandic: ér
    • ⇒ Old West Norse: þér (← hafið ér)
      • Icelandic: þér
      • Faroese: tær
      • Old Swedish: þær, þæ
  • Old East Norse: *īʀ
    • Old Swedish: īr, ī, ᛁᚱ
      • Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)
    • Danish: I
      • Norwegian Bokmål: I
  • Old Gutnish: ir, ᛁᛦ (/⁠īʀ⁠/)
• Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs)