gij

Dutch

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

gij

Alternative forms

ge

Etymology

From Middle Dutch gī, ghi, from Old Dutch gī, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic variant of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jij.

Compare also Low German ji, jie, English ye, German ihr.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɣɛi̯/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: gij
Rhymes: -ɛi̯

Pronoun

gij

(dialectal, colloquial) you
Motte gij nog een pilske?
Do you want another beer?
(archaic, literary, religious) thou, ye
Gij zult niet doden.
Thou shalt not kill.
- 1933, “Tussen hoop en vrees” (0:10:37 from the start), in Andere Tijden‎^[1], spoken by Juliana of the Netherlands, published 2011 via VPRO, retrieved 16 July 2024:
  Ik eindig tenslotte met de wens, dat gij, die deze geluidsfilm hoort en ziet, dat ons volk met al de voldoening die hierbij mogelijk is, terug zal kunnen zien op de nationale inzameling, tot beloning van hen die er de omvangrijke uitvoering van verrichten, en tot de dankbaarheid van degenen die het allerzwaarst lijden onder de algemene nood.^[sic]
  I will conclude, finally, by wishing that ye who hear and see this sound film, that our people will be able to look back on the national fundraising with all the satisfaction that could be possible in doing so, to the reward of those who carry out its extensive implementation and to the gratitude of those who suffer most severely from the general distress.
- 1947, J.A.A. van Doorn, quoting Simon Spoor, [untitled address to Dutch troops]‎^[2], quoted in Gevangen in de tijd. Over generaties en hun geschiedenis, Amsterdam: Boom, published 2002, →ISBN, page 28:
  Gij rukt niet op om aan dit land den oorlog te brengen, maar om het de vrede te hergeven.
  You are not advancing to bring war to this country, but to restore peace to it.
- 1966 September 20, “Troonrede 1966 [Speech from the throne 1966]”, in Parlement.com‎^[3], retrieved 3 October 2023:
  De Regering (...) wil bevorderen dat de kritische belangstelling, die bij velen voor het openbaar gebeuren bestaat, zich positief kan richten op het vervullen der taken, waarvoor ons volk zich gesteld ziet. Dit zal alleen mogelijk zijn als Gij, leden van de volksvertegenwoordiging, in voortdurend contact met ons volk in al zijn geledingen, daaraan Uw medewerking verleent.
  The Government (...) wants to promote that the critical interest in public affairs, which exists among many, can focus positively on the fulfilment of the tasks facing our people. This will only be possible if Ye, members of parliament, in constant contact with our people in all its parts, lend your cooperation to this.

Usage notes

In most of the Netherlands, the personal pronoun gij and its variants are now mainly used in religious context and are otherwise considered archaic. In Belgium and the southern Netherlands, gij is still the go-to second-person singular in colloquial language; in formal written language it is not used unless the referred second person is God or the monarch.
The best translation when used in archaic contexts would be thou; when used in Belgium or the southern Netherlands, it would typically be a familiar you (singular), like tu in French. Unlike in English, gij usually takes the same verb form as jij except when there is inversion or with some irregular verbs or in the past tense. Compare heb jij dit gedaan? versus hebt gij dit gedaan? (have you / hast thou done this?). Also: jij zal versus gij zult (you shall/will / thou shalt/wilt), jij bent versus gij zijt (you are / thou art), jij vloog versus gij vloogt (you flew / thou flewest) etc.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive⁵
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k¹	mij	me	mijn	m'n¹	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie¹	hem	'm¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	haar	h'r¹, 'r¹, d'r¹	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't¹	het	't¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze²	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal⁶	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich⁷	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen³, hun⁴	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
¹⁾ Not as common in written language. ²⁾ Inflected as an adjective. ³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). ⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). ⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. ⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").				⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'

Related terms

jullie

Zhuang

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /ki˥/
Tone numbers: gi³
Hyphenation: gij

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from 幾?”)

Classifier

gij (Sawndip forms 𰂌 or 几 or 其 or 鳮 or 启, 1957–1982 spelling giз)

Classifier for abstract nouns.
Classifier for a group of objects.
Derives a noun from a verb.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjꟲ (“excrement”)?”)

Noun

gij (1957–1982 spelling giз)

(dialectal) faeces; stool; dung
Synonym: haex

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from 舉?”)

Verb

gij (1957–1982 spelling giз)

to elect; to choose; to recommend
Synonym: gawj