किम्
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]- কিম্ (Assamese script)
- ᬓᬶᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
- কিম্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰎𑰰𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀓𑀺𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- ကိမ် (Burmese script)
- કિમ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਕਿਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌕𑌿𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦏꦶꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂍𑂱𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ಕಿಮ್ (Kannada script)
- កិម៑ (Khmer script)
- ກິມ຺ (Lao script)
- കിമ് (Malayalam script)
- ᡬᡳᠮ (Manchu script)
- 𑘎𑘱𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᢉᠢᠮ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦮𑧒𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐎𑐶𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
- କିମ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢒꢶꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆑𑆴𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖎𑖰𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
- කිම් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩜𑩑𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚊𑚮𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
- கிம் (Tamil script)
- కిమ్ (Telugu script)
- กิมฺ (Thai script)
- ཀི་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒏𑒱𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨋𑨁𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]Excluding the neuter form किम् (kim) itself, inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *kás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kás, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷós.
कद् (kad), attested in the Ṛgveda, was the original neuter singular nominative-accusative, and is used in the later language as the base form of this term in compounds (for example, in कच्चन (kaccana, “in no way or manner”) from कद् (kad) + चन (cana, “also not”)). Compare Latin quod.
In Classical Sanskrit, किम् (kim), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kím ~ čím, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷím, supplanted कद् (kad) as the neuter singular nominative-accusative.[1] Other vestiges of the old Indo-Iranian declinable *kím ~ čím are also seen in the indeclinables किस् (kis), चिद् (cid). Mayrhofer considers this suppletion a Prakritism or more likely an archaism, for which compare Younger Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬨 (cim), 𐬐𐬆𐬨 (kəm).[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]किम् • (kim)
- used as a particle of interrogation
Usage notes
[edit]Compare the usage of Latin num or an; sometimes translatable in isolation by "whether?" but oftener serving only like a note of interrogation to mark a question.
Can be followed in this indeclinable form by a large number of other particles to shade the meaning or merely emphasize:
- किं तर्हि (kiṃ tarhi, “how then? but, however”)
- किं स्विद् (kiṃ svid, “why”)
- किंच (kiṃca, “moreover, further”)
- किंचन (kiṃcana, “a little”)
- किंचिद् (kiṃcid, “somewhat, a little”)
- किंतु (kiṃtu, “but”)
- किंनु (kiṃnu, “whether, indeed?, how much more/less?”)
- किंवा (kiṃvā, “whether”)
- किमङ्ग (kimaṅga, “wherefore then?”)
- किमिति (kimiti, “why”)
- किमिव (kimiva, “what for”)
- किमु (kimu, “how much more/less?”)
- किमुत (kimuta, “how much more/less?”)
- किम् पुनर् (kim punar, “how much more/less?, however, but”)
Interjection
[edit]किम् • (kim)
- (often followed by किल (kila)) what a pity!
Pronoun
[edit]- what, who (interrogative)
- त्वम् किम् वदसि?
- tvam kim vadasi?
- What are you saying?
- whoever, whatever, anyone, someone (indefinite)
- (with or without the copula अस् (as)) used to form sentences meaning "how is it possible that" or "what power(s) have I, you, they, etc"
- के मम धन्विनोऽन्ये
- ke mama dhanvinoʼnye
- What can the other archers do against me?
- के आवाम् परित्रातुम्
- ke āvām paritrātum
- What power have we to rescue you?
- (with a noun in the instrumental case or the gerund of a verb) expresses "what is gained by doing so?"
- किं विलम्बेन
- kiṃ vilambena
- What is gained by delay?
- धनेन किं यो न ददाति
- dhanena kiṃ yo na dadāti
- What is the use of wealth to him who does not give?
Determiner
[edit]किम् • (kim)
Usage notes
[edit]Direct or indirect interrogative clauses introduced by किम् (kim) are often terminated by इति (iti), as in कस्य स पुत्र इति कथ्यताम् (kasya sa putra iti kathyatām, “Let it be said, 'Whose son is he?'”). Without इति (iti), किम् (kim) tends to be used as a relative determiner, as in कस्य स पुत्रो न ज्ञायते (kasya sa putro na jñāyate, “It is not known whose son he is”).
किम् (kim) is often used together with a demonstrative pronoun, as in को ऽयम् आयाति (ko ʼyam āyāti, “Who comes here?”), or with the optative mood to ask about the future को हरिं निन्देत् (ko hariṃ nindet, “Who will blame Hari?”).
Repetition can sometimes be emphasizing, as in कः को ऽत्र (kaḥ ko ʼtra, “Who is there?”) or कान् कान् (kān kān, “Whom? Whom? i.e. Which of them?”). Two separate usages of the interrogative often "attract" each other to become adjacent, as in केषां किं शास्त्रम् अध्ययनीयम् (keṣāṃ kiṃ śāstram adhyayanīyam, “Which book is to be read by whom?”). Compare similar usage of यद् (yad).
किम् (kim) as an interrogative is often followed by the particles इव (iva), उ (u), नाम (nāma), नु (nu), वा (vā), or स्विद् (svid) for emphasis. As an indefinite, it can sometimes appear isolated but is more often followed by the particles च (ca), चन (cana), चिद् (cid), वा (vā), or अपि (api), in which case it may be preceded by the relative यद् (yad), as ये के च। यः कश्चिद् (ye ke ca. yaḥ kaścid, “anyone whatsoever, anyone whatsover”)
Declension
[edit]| Masculine pronominal a-stem declension of क (ká) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | कः káḥ |
कौ / का¹ kaú / kā́¹ |
के ké |
| Vocative | - - |
- - |
- - |
| Accusative | कम् kám |
कौ / का¹ kaú / kā́¹ |
कान् kā́n |
| Instrumental | केन kéna |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
कैः / केभिः¹ kaíḥ / kébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | कस्मै kásmai |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
केभ्यः kébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | कस्मात् kásmāt |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
केभ्यः kébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | कस्य kásya |
कयोः káyoḥ |
केषाम् kéṣām |
| Locative | कस्मिन् kásmin |
कयोः káyoḥ |
केषु kéṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
| Feminine pronominal ā-stem declension of का (kā́) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | का kā́ |
के ké |
काः kā́ḥ |
| Vocative | - - |
- - |
- - |
| Accusative | काम् kā́m |
के ké |
काः kā́ḥ |
| Instrumental | कया / का¹ káyā / kā́¹ |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
काभिः kā́bhiḥ |
| Dative | कस्यै kásyai |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
काभ्यः kā́bhyaḥ |
| Ablative | कस्याः kásyāḥ |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
काभ्यः kā́bhyaḥ |
| Genitive | कस्याः kásyāḥ |
कयोः káyoḥ |
कासाम् kā́sām |
| Locative | कस्याम् kásyām |
कयोः káyoḥ |
कासु kā́su |
| Notes |
| ||
| Neuter pronominal a-stem declension of क (ká) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | किम् / कद्¹ kím / kád¹ |
के ké |
कानि / का¹ kā́ni / kā́¹ |
| Vocative | - - |
- - |
- - |
| Accusative | किम् / कद्¹ kím / kád¹ |
के ké |
कानि / का¹ kā́ni / kā́¹ |
| Instrumental | केन kéna |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
कैः / केभिः¹ kaíḥ / kébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | कस्मै kásmai |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
केभ्यः kébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | कस्मात् kásmāt |
काभ्याम् kā́bhyām |
केभ्यः kébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | कस्य kásya |
कयोः káyoḥ |
केषाम् kéṣām |
| Locative | कस्मिन् kásmin |
कयोः káyoḥ |
केषु kéṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]See also descendants of किंचिद् (kiṃcid).
References
[edit]- ^ Monier Williams (1899) “किम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 282.
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kí-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 347
- ^ Monier Williams (1899) “किम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 282.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kim”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 161
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
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