Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Pronoun

*ís or *h₁e

this, he (used as the 3rd person pronoun)

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[1]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*ís	*íh₂	*íd	*éyes	*íh₂es	*íh₂
accusative	*ím	*íh₂m	*íd	*íns	*íh₂ms	*íh₂
genitive	*ésyo	*ésyeh₂s	*ésyo	*éysom	*éysom	*éysom
ablative	*ésmod	*ésyeh₂s	*ésyo	*éysom	*éysom	*éysom
dative	*ésmey	*ésyeh₂ey	*ésmey	*eybʰ-	*eybʰ-	*eybʰ-
locative	*ésmi	*?	*ésmi	*eysu	*eysu	*eysu

Donald Ringe's reconstruction^[2]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*éy	*íh₂	*íd	*éyes	*íh₂es (?)	*íh₂
accusative	*ím	*íh₂m̥	*íd	*íns	*íh₂n̥s (?)	*íh₂
genitive	*ésyo	*ésyeh₂s	*ésyo	*éysoHom	*íh₂soHom	*éysoHom
ablative	*ésmead (?)	*ésyeh₂s	*ésmead (?)	*éymos	*íh₂mos	*éymos
dative	*ésmey	*ésyeh₂ey	*ésmey	*éymos	*íh₂mos	*éymos
locative	*ésmi	*ésyeh₂(i)	*ésmi	*éysu	*íh₂su	*éysu
instrumental	*íh₁	?	*íh₁	*éybʰi	*íh₂bʰi	*éybʰi

Robert Beekes' reconstruction^[3]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*h₁e	*ih₂	*id	*h₁ey	*ih₂es	*ih₂
accusative	*im	*ih₂m̥	*id	*ins	*ih₂n̥s	*ih₂
genitive	*h₁éso	*h₁eseh₂s (?)	*h₁éso	*h₁éso(m)	*h₁éso(m)	*h₁éso(m)
ablative	*h₁esmōd	*h₁esmōd	*h₁esmōd	*h₁eyos	*h₁eyos	*h₁eyos
dative	*h₁esmōy	*h₁esieh₂ey	*h₁esmōy	*h₁eymus	*h₁eymus	*h₁eymus
locative	*h₁esmi	*h₁esyeh₂i	*h₁esmi	*h₁eysu	*h₁eysu	*h₁eysu
instrumental	*h₁ey (?)	*h₁ey (?)	*h₁ey (?)	*h₁eybʰi	*h₁eybʰi	*h₁eybʰi

Derived terms

*(h₁)yós (“which”)
*(h₁)óy-nos, *(h₁)óy-wos, *(h₁)óy-kos (“one”)
*(h₁)é-tero-s (“the other (of two)”)^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: jetër (“other”)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *eterъ (or from *(H)yo-tero-s^[6])
    - Old Church Slavonic: етеръ (eterŭ, “some, someone”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (atāra, “this one (of two)”)
- Proto-Italic: *eteros (see there for further descendants)
*(h₁)í-tero-s^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ítaras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hítaras
    - Sanskrit: इतर (ítara) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hítarah
    - Gurani: تر (tir)
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: تر (tir)
      Southern Kurdish: تر (tir)
- Proto-Italic: *iteros, *iterom (adverbial accusative)
  - Latin: iterum
*(h₁)i-dʰé (“at the mentioned place; here”)^[8]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰθαιγενής (ithaigenḗs, “born here, born in lawful matrimony”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)idʰá (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *iðei (with *-i from emphatic particle or from locative ending) (see there for further descendants)
*í-th₂ (“so”)^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: it
  - Lithuanian: i̇̀t
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ítH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: इति (íti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *uti^[9] (with *u- possibly from *uta (“and”))
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ūⁱti)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬌𐬙𐬌 (uⁱti)
- ⇒ *ith₂ eh₁^[8]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *itʰaH
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Sanskrit: इत्था (itthā́)
    - Proto-Iranian:
      - Avestan:
        Old Avestan: 𐬌𐬚𐬁 (iθā)
        
        Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬚𐬀 (iθa)
  - Proto-Italic: *itā
    - Latin: ita (with iambic shortening)
    - ⇒ Umbrian: 𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌊 (itek)
- ⇒ *ith₂ ó/em^[8]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *itHam
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Sanskrit: इत्थम् (itthám, “so”)
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Latin: item (with -e- from idem)

⇒? *(h₁)é-ti
⇒? *í-h₁ (emphatic particle)
⇒? *ḱ-ís
⇒? *kʷ-ís

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ís

Proto-Albanian: *a-ei
- Albanian: ai (“he”)
Proto-Albanian: *a-jā
- Albanian: ajo (“she”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is
- Latgalian: is, jis, jei
- Lithuanian: jis
- Proto-Slavic: *jь (< *yós) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ayám, *(H)a- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *is
- Latin: is, ea, id
- Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
- Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
- South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
- Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (eni-, uni-, “that”)
Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἴα (ía) (Hom.f. "one", from *íh₂), εἰ (ei), ἐπεί (epeí), εἶτα (eîta), εἴθε (eíthe), ἔνθα (éntha), ἔνθεν (énthen)
Indo-Iranian:
- Sanskrit: अतस् (átas), अथ (átha), अथा (áthā), अद्धा (addhā́), अध (ádha), अह (áha), अधा (ádhā), आद् (ā́d), इतस् (itás), इदा (idā́), ईम् (īm), एतद् (etad) (see there for further descendants)
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬬 (vīsv) ^?
Italic:
- Latin: iste, ipse, ibī, ecce (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 391
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56f
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 227–229
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēterus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*e- 'besagter, der erwähnte'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 183-198
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*eterъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iterum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 311-312
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*í- 'besagter, der erwähnte; dieser'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 363-374
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “íti”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 236