Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱís
Appearance
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- + *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí + *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).
Pronoun
[edit]*ḱís
Inflection
[edit]Andrew Sihler's reconstruction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *ḱís | *ḱíh₂ | *ḱíd | *ḱéyes | *ḱíh₂es | *ḱíh₂ |
accusative | *ḱím | *ḱíh₂m | *ḱíd | *ḱíns | *ḱíh₂ms | *ḱíh₂ |
genitive | *ḱésyo | *ḱésyeh₂s | *ḱésyo | *ḱéysom | *ḱéysom | *ḱéysom |
ablative | *ḱésmod | *ḱésyeh₂s | *ḱésyo | *ḱéysom | *ḱéysom | *ḱéysom |
dative | *ḱésmey | *ḱésyeh₂ey | *ḱésmey | *ḱeybʰ- | *ḱeybʰ- | *ḱeybʰ- |
locative | *ḱésmi | *? | *ḱésmi | *ḱeysu | *ḱeysu | *ḱeysu |
Donald Ringe's reconstruction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *ḱéy | *ḱíh₂ | *ḱíd | *ḱéyes | *ḱíh₂es (?) | *ḱíh₂ |
accusative | *ḱím | *ḱíh₂m̥ | *ḱíd | *ḱíns | *ḱíh₂n̥s (?) | *ḱíh₂ |
genitive | *ḱésyo | *ḱésyeh₂s | *ḱésyo | *ḱéysoHom | *ḱíh₂soHom | *ḱéysoHom |
ablative | *ḱésmead (?) | *ḱésyeh₂s | *ḱésmead (?) | *ḱéymos | *ḱíh₂mos | *ḱéymos |
dative | *ḱésmey | *ḱésyeh₂ey | *ḱésmey | *ḱéymos | *ḱíh₂mos | *ḱéymos |
locative | *ḱésmi | *ḱésyeh₂(i) | *ḱésmi | *ḱéysu | *ḱíh₂su | *ḱéysu |
instrumental | *ḱíh₁ | ? | *ḱíh₁ | *ḱéybʰi | *ḱíh₂bʰi | *ḱéybʰi |
Robert Beekes' reconstruction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | *h₁e | *ih₂ | *id | *h₁ey | *ih₂es | *ih₂ |
accusative | *ḱim | *ḱih₂m̥ | *ḱid | *ḱins | *ḱih₂n̥s | *ḱih₂ |
Alternative forms
[edit]- *ḱéys (full-grade) ?
- *ḱí (particle) ?
Reconstruction notes
[edit]An innovative pronoun which could have formed independently in some branches, though it appears archaic given its presence in Anatolian. Like *só, it widely came to be used as a determiner in descendant languages; it also commonly became a bound morpheme in prefixal or suffixal position (more at *ḱe).
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)
- ⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”)[2] (+ *dīti (“day”))
- Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod — Gheg, σὸτ — Arvanitika
- ⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”)[3] (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”)[4] (+ *weta (“year”))
- Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)
- ⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”)[2] (+ *dīti (“day”))
- Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śis (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hiz[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís[5] ?
- ⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))
- ⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)
- ⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))
- Proto-Italic: *ki[1]
- Latin: cis (preposition)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115–116: “PIt. *ki ‘here, by’, *ki-tero-; PIE *ḱi ‘this, here’”
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sot”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sonte”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sivjet”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 397
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225