Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

Deictic particle, here
Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.

Although it does not have an exact equivalent in English, French là and Arabic ها (-hā) are used in the same way.

Descendants

Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-
- Latin: -c (e.g. hic, illic, tunc)
- Latin: -ce (e.g. ecce)

Derived terms

*ḱinh₂?
- Proto-Celtic: *kina
  - Proto-Brythonic: *ken
    - Breton: ken (“as, so”)
  - Old Irish: cen (“without”)
    - Irish: gan
    - Manx: gyn
    - Scottish Gaelic: gun
*ḱíteros (contrastive form)
*ḱís (innovative i-stem pronoun)
*ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun)
- Proto-Anatolian: *ḱā́s^[1]
  - Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀸 (ka-a-aš /⁠kās⁠/)
  - Luwian: 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)
  - Palaic: [script needed] (kāt)
- Old Armenian: *սո- (*so-)
- Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular)
  - Primitive Irish: ᚕᚑᚔ (koi, “here”)
- ⇒? *ḱom (“with”)

Compounds

*ǵʰé-ḱe, ǵʰó-ḱe^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *he(i)ke, *hoke ?
  - Faliscan: hac, hec, he, fe
  - Latin: hic, haec, hoc (see there for further descendants)
*ḱi-h₂éh₃mr-om
- Proto-Hellenic: *ťāmeron
  - Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron) (see there for further descendants)
*h₁é-ḱey-h₁(e)nos (formed with the augment *h₁é and pronoun *h₁enos)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ékeyenos
  - Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱyés-dʰh₁- (with *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)^[3]) (the Latin is alternatively < *ḱye-sd-, with *sed- (“to sit”))
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáydʰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáydʰati
    - Sanskrit: सेधति (sedhati, “to drive, chase away”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *sáydʰati
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”)
- >? Proto-Italic: *kezdō
  - Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 103–104

[1] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 103–104

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