Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/seǵʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*seǵʰ-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

to overpower
to take hold of

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seǵʰ- (49 c, 0 e)

*séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]^[6]^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay
    - Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)

*séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *héksō^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: ἔξω (éxō)

*sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat
    - Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)

*se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[1]
- >? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)^[7]
  - Tocharian A: sākam
  - Tocharian B: sākāu
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa
    - Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)

*sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe
  - Ancient Greek: ἔσχον (éskhon, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: σχεδόν (skhedón)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέσις (skhésis)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: σχέτλιος (skhétlios)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: σχῆμα (skhêma)
    - ⇒? Ancient Greek: σχολή (skholḗ)

*si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)^[1]^[2]^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō^[5]^[7]
  - Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)

*sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)^[1]^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síẓḍẓatay
    - Sanskrit: सीक्षते (sīkṣate)

*soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō
  - Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati
    - Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)

*séǵʰ-os ~ *séǵʰ-es-os

*seǵʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás
    - Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: अषाढ (ásāḍha)

*sǵʰ-ró-s
- Proto-Celtic: *sagros (see there for further descendants)

*séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és
- Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr
  - Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáẓḍʰā
    - Sanskrit: साढृ (sā́ḍhṛ), साळ्हृ (sā́ḷhṛ)

*séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s

*sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és
- >? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns
    - Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)

*sóǵʰ-o-s
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos
  - Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos) (unless from *wókʰos < *wóǵʰos)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 515-516
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 123: “*seĝh-”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 888
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “seǵʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 600-2
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 143; 169-170; 515: “*seǵʰ-;*seǵʰoH₂ > *hekʰō;*seǵʰ-s- > *seks- > "heksō;*si-ǵʰ-s-;*e-sǵʰ- > ἔσχον;*hiskʰō < *si-sǵʰ-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “SAH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 717-718
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “sāk-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 743-744

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 515-516

[EIEC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 123: “*seĝh-”

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 888

[NIL-4] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “seǵʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 600-2

[Sihler-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 143; 169-170; 515: “*seǵʰ-;*seǵʰoH₂ > *hekʰō;*seǵʰ-s- > *seks- > "heksō;*si-ǵʰ-s-;*e-sǵʰ- > ἔσχον;*hiskʰō < *si-sǵʰ-”

[6] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “SAH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 717-718

[Adams-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “sāk-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 743-744

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