Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰelh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰelh₃-

1. to flourish
2. green, yellow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰelh₃- (50 c, 0 e)

• *ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei
    • Latvian: zelt
    • Lithuanian: žélti
  • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (past passive participle) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰléh₃-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-yéh₂-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *glējaz
    • Old Norse: *glær
      • Norwegian: glæ (“pale yellow”)

• *ǵʰelh₃-i-wó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰélh₃-ō ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-n-és
  • ⇒ *ǵʰolh₃n-éh₂
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és
  • Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *helos
    • Old Latin: helus
      • Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

• *ǵʰelh₃-wó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: žel̃vas
  • Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰl̥h₃-ró-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós
    • Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)
    • Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

• *ǵʰl̥h₃-s-tó-s or *ǵʰl̥h₃-T-tó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas
    • Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)
    • Lithuanian: gel̃tas
    • Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰolh₃-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH
    • Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)
      • Kurdish:

        Central Kurdish: زارە (zare)

      • Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠zahrag⁠/, “gall, bile”)
        • Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)
    • ⇒? Sanskrit: हलीक्ष्ण (hálīkṣṇa, “gallbladder (?)”)

• *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰolh₃-to-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latgalian: zalts
    • Latvian: zelts
    • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian: diell