Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-
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Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (“to grow”),[1] of which the original root noun may be fossilized in Latin crās.[2] A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) has also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 (*kraːɡ, “antler”) and 觥 (*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.
Root
[edit]*ḱerh₂-
Alternative reconstructions
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- *ḱérh₂-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-és (root noun)
- *ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-[5]
- *ḱerh₂-o-now-os (literally “head nodding”)[6]
- Proto-Italic: *keronowos
- Latin: cernuus
- Proto-Italic: *keronowos
- *ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-né-s
- *ḱerh₂-s-ro-m[7][8]
- Proto-Italic: *kerazrom
- Latin: cerebrum
- Aromanian: crier
- → Asturian: cerebru
- → Middle English: cerebrum, cerebre, cerrebre, serabrum
- English: cerebrum
- Esperanto: cerbo
- ⇒ French: cérébral
- → English: cerebral
- → Galician: cerebro
- → Ido: cerebro
- → Interlingua: cerebro
- → Italian: cerebro
- Megleno-Romanian: criel
- → Portuguese: cérebro
- Romanian: creier
- → Spanish: cerebro
- → Turkish: serebrum
- Latin: cerebrum
- Proto-Italic: *kerazrom
- *ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective)[9][10]
- *ḱr(h₂)-ént-
- ⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s[11]
- Proto-Germanic: *hrinþaz
- Proto-West Germanic: *hrinþ
- Old English: hrīþ (< nom.sg.), hrīþer (< nom.pl.)
- Old Frisian: hrīther, hrēther, hrinder (< nom.pl.)
- Old Saxon: hrīth, *hrind
- Old Dutch: hrind, rind
- Middle Dutch: rint, rent
- Dutch: rind, rend, rund (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hrunþ, from Proto-Germanic *hrunþaz)
- West Flemish: rend
- Middle Dutch: rint, rent
- Old High German: rind, hrind
- Proto-West Germanic: *hrinþ
- Proto-Germanic: *hrinþaz
- ⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s[11]
- *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-n-h₂ (collective)[12]
- *ḱr̥(h₂)-nó-s[13][14][15][16]
- Proto-Celtic: *karnos
- Proto-Germanic: *hurną
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥ngam
- Proto-Italic: *kornū
- >? Latin: cornū
- Aromanian: cornu
- Asturian: cuernu
- Catalan: corn
- Dalmatian: cuarno
- English: cornet, corn, -corn
- Esperanto: korno
- Franco-Provençal: côrna
- French: cor, corne
- Friulian: cuar
- Galician: corno
- Ido: korno
- → Irish: corn
- Istriot: cuorno
- Italian: corno
- Old French: corn, corne
- Portuguese: corno
- Romanian: corn
- Romansch: corn, corna
- Sardinian: corru
- Sicilian: cornu
- Spanish: cuerno
- Venetan: corno
- → Welsh: corn
- Occitan: còrn
- >? Latin: cornū
- ⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂
- *ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-[7][17][18]
- *ḱr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-n-ós (“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”)[19][20][21][22]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀšō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hurznutō now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hurnutu
- Proto-Italic: *krāzrō
- *ḱr̥h₂-wós, *ḱér-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-éw-os (“deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)[23][24][25][26]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas
- Proto-Celtic: *karwos
- Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hwás
- Proto-Iranian: *cr̥Hwáh (“horn”)
- → Proto-Finno-Ugric: *śarwe (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kerwos
- Latin: cervus
- Balkan Romance:
- Gallo-Italic:
- Gallo-Romance:
- Ibero-Romance:
- Italo-Dalmatian:
- Sardinian:
- Borrowings:
- Latin: cervus
- *ḱr-o-h₂-s-no-m[27]
- Unsorted formations:
- Anatolian:[1]
- Hittite: [script needed] (karau̯ar), [script needed] (surna), [script needed] (harsar)
- Luwian: [script needed] (zurni)
- → Classical Persian: سرنا (surnā), سورنای (surnây), سرنای (sornây), زرنا (zornâ)
- → Ottoman Turkish: زورنا (zurnâ), زرنا (zurna)
- Turkish: zurna
- → Bulgarian: зурна́ (zurná)
- → Classical Syriac: ܙܘܪܢܐ (zurnā)
- → English: zurna
- → Georgian: ზურნა (zurna)
- → Bats: ზურნ (zurn)
- → Greek: ζουρνάς (zournás)
- → Macedonian: зурла (zurla)
- → Middle Armenian: զուռնայ (zuṙnay), զոռնա (zoṙna)
- Armenian: զուռնա (zuṙna)
- → Russian: зурна́ (zurná)
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- → Kazakh: сырнай (syrnai)
- → Chinese:
- → Ottoman Turkish: زورنا (zurnâ), زرنا (zurna)
- Proto-Germanic: *herutaz (“deer, stag”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: κάρυον (káruon)
- Anatolian:[1]
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “(SI)karāu̯ar / karaun”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 517-518
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “crās”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 140–141
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “¹k̑er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 574
- ^ Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European[1], Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 676-677
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cernuus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 110-111
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hersan- ~ *herzan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221–222
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cerebrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “karvė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 230
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kòrva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hrinþiz ~ *hrunþiz”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 247–248
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάρᾱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sьrna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 485
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “stirna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-429
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*karno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hurna-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
- ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 906
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 570–571
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sьršenь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 485-486
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “širšuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “crābrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hurznuta/ō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κεραός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 676
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κερᾱΐς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 674
- ^ Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009) T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 22, 82, 177, 178, 320
- ^ Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 179–181
- ^ Stefan Schumacher & Joachim Matzinger, Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013), 224.
Further reading
[edit]- Oshiro, Terumasa (1988) “Some Luwian words of Indo-European origin”, in Orient, volume 24, page 49: “(3) horn (574)”