Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

1. Deictic particle, here
2. Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.

Although it does not have an exact equivalent in English, French là and Arabic ها (-hā) are used in the same way.

Descendants

• Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-
  • Latin: -c (e.g. hic, illic, tunc)
  • Latin: -ce (e.g. ecce)

Derived terms

• *ḱinh₂?
  • Proto-Celtic: *kina
    • Proto-Brythonic: *ken
      • Breton: ken (“as, so”)
    • Old Irish: cen (“without”)
      • Irish: gan
      • Manx: gyn
      • Scottish Gaelic: gun
• *ḱíteros (contrastive form)
• *ḱís (innovative i-stem pronoun)
• *ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun)
  • Proto-Anatolian: *ḱā́s
    • Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀸 (ka-a-aš /⁠kās⁠/)
    • Luwian: 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)
    • Palaic: [script needed] (kāt)
  • Old Armenian: *սո- (*so-)
  • Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular)
    • Primitive Irish: ᚕᚑᚔ (koi, “here”)
  • ⇒? *ḱom (“with”)

Compounds

• *ǵʰé-ḱe, ǵʰó-ḱe
  • Proto-Italic: *he(i)ke, *hoke ?
    • Faliscan: hac, hec, he, fe
    • Latin: hic, haec, hoc (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱi-h₂éh₃mr-om
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ťāmeron
    • Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₁é-ḱey-h₁(e)nos (formed with the augment *h₁é and pronoun *h₁enos)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ékeyenos
    • Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos) (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱyés-dʰh₁- (with *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)) (the Latin is alternatively < *ḱye-sd-, with *sed- (“to sit”))
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáydʰati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáydʰati
      • Sanskrit: सेधति (sedhati, “to drive, chase away”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *sáydʰati
      • Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”)
  • >? Proto-Italic: *kezdō
    • Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)