Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/derḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*derḱ- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to see

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *derḱ- (41 c, 0 e)

*dérḱ-t ~ *dr̥ḱ-ént (root aorist)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔδρᾰκον (édrakon), δρακείς (drakeís, traditionally analyzed as aor.pass.part. but probably an athematic aorist [Forssman 1964])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárćam (1sg.aor.inj.)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárśam
    - Sanskrit: दर्शम् (dárśam)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dárćam
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬆𐬨 (dar^əsəm)
*de-dórḱ-e ~ *de-dr̥ḱ-ḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Celtic: *ad-kom-dark-
  - Old Irish: ad·condairc (perfect of ad·cí)
    - Irish: chonaic (past tense of feic)
    - Manx: honnick (past tense of faik)
    - Scottish Gaelic: chunnaic (past tense of faic)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δέδορκεν (dédorken)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadárća, *dadr̥ćay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadárśa, *dadr̥śay
    - Sanskrit: ददर्श (dadárśa), ददृशे (dádṛśe) (merged with the past tense of पश्यति (páśyati))
  - Proto-Iranian: *dadárca
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (dādar^əsa)
*dorḱ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *tarhijaną (with irregular -h-)
  - Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatarhjan)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darćáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darśáyati
    - Sanskrit: दर्शयति (darśáyati)
*dérḱ-e-ti (secondary root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *derketi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dérkomai
  - Ancient Greek: δέρκομαι (dérkomai)
    - ⇒? δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”)
*dérḱ-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *dérkmə
  - Ancient Greek: δέργμα (dérgma)
*dérḱ-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-és (“eye”, root noun)
- ⇒ *dr̥ḱ-eh₂
  - Proto-Celtic: *drikā (“face”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *derḱ-o-s
  - Proto-Celtic: *derkos
    - Old Irish: derc
      - Middle Irish: derc
        Irish: dearc, dearca, deirc
        Scottish Gaelic: dearc
- ⇒ *dŕ̥ḱ-o-s
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: δράκος (drákos)
- ⇒? *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru (“tear”, noun, literally “eye-sharp/bitter”) (compound with *h₂éḱru)^[5]
*dérḱ-ti-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-téy-s (> *dr̥ḱ-ti-s)
- Proto-Albanian: *driktā
  - Albanian: dritë
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥ṣṭiṣ
    - Sanskrit: दृष्टि (dṛ́ṣṭi) (see there for further descendants)
*dr̥ḱ-tó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *turhtaz (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *turhtōną
    - Old High German: ougozorhtōn
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štás (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: տեսանեմ (tesanem)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darć-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darś-
  - Sanskrit: दृश् (dṛś)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*derk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 213
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*derk̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 122
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*dars-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 61-62
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1985) “Arm. artawsr ‘tear’”, in Annual of Armenian Linguistics, volume 6, Cleveland: Cleveland State University, section 7, page 60 of 59–61

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*derk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 213

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*derk̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 122

[3] Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*dars-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 61-62

[5] Kortlandt, Frederik (1985) “Arm. artawsr ‘tear’”, in Annual of Armenian Linguistics, volume 6, Cleveland: Cleveland State University, section 7, page 60 of 59–61

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