Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ph₂tḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *ph₂tōr

Etymology

Often supposed to be from *peh₂- (“to protect, shepherd”) +‎ *-tḗr (agentive nominal suffix). Alternatively, from a nursery form *pa. It is possible that both semantic senses have contributed to the development of the term.

Noun

*ph₂tḗr m (oblique stem *ph₂tr̥-)

1. father

   Synonyms: *átta, *tata-

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ph₂tḗr
genitive	*ph₂trés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ph₂tḗr	*ph₂térh₁(e)	*ph₂téres
vocative	*ph₂tér	*ph₂térh₁(e)	*ph₂téres
accusative	*ph₂térm̥	*ph₂térh₁(e)	*ph₂térm̥s
genitive	*ph₂trés	*?	*ph₂tróHom
ablative	*ph₂trés	*?	*ph₂tr̥mós, *ph₂tr̥bʰós
dative	*ph₂tréy	*?	*ph₂tr̥mós, *ph₂tr̥bʰós
locative	*ph₂tér, *ph₂téri	*?	*ph₂tr̥sú
instrumental	*ph₂tréh₁	*?	*ph₂tr̥mís, *ph₂tr̥bʰís

Hypernyms

• *ǵénh₁tōr

Coordinate terms

• *méh₂tēr (“mother”)
• *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”)
• *dʰugh₂tḗr (“daughter”)
• *swésōr (“sister”)
• *suHnús (“son”)

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian: *hatir, *hayir
  • Old Armenian: հայր (hayr) (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Armenian: յօրայ (yōray, “stepfather”), յաւրայ (yawray)
    • Armenian: հորա (hora)
• Proto-Celtic: *ɸatīr (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *fadēr (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *patḗr (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtā́ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *patēr (see there for further descendants)
• Mysian: πατριζι (patrizi, pl.)
• Phrygian: πατερης (paterēs, nominative plural)
• Proto-Tocharian: *pācer
  • Tocharian A: pācar
  • Tocharian B: pācer

Further reading

• Blažek, Václav (2001) “Indo-European kinship terms in *-ə̯₂TER”, in Grammaticvs: studia linguistica Adolfo Erharto quinque et septuagenario oblata, volume 1, Brno: Masarykova univerzita, *pə̯₂ter- "father", page 28