Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*peh₂-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to protect, to ward
to shepherd

Usage notes

Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₂- (80 c, 0 e)

*peh₂(y)-
- Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
  - Albanian: pashë
*péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti
    - Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHti
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)
    - Northern Kurdish: pa (as in pavan (“guardian”), panêrr (“warden”))
*péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)^[4]^[5]
*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
- Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
  - Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
  - Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
  - Tocharian: paskenträ
*poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)
*ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
- Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
*poh₂-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
*poh₂-i-mn̥
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)
  - → Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”)
    - Finnish: paimen
    - Ingrian: paimen
    - Karelian:
      - North Karelian: paimen
      - South Karelian: paimen
    - Livonian: paint
    - Ludian: paimen
    - Veps: paimen
    - Votic: paimõn
- Hellenic:
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)
  - Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)
*poh₂-yus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ
    - Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)
*ph₂tḗr (“father”) (or from a nursery form *pa^[6])
*peh₂-tew-
- Iranian: *pātew-
  - Persian (pâda, “flock”)
  - Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis
- Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
  - Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
  - Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
  - Kurdish:
    - Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
    - Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
- Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
  - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /⁠apadāna⁠/)
- Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
  - Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)
  - Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)
    - Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

? *peh₂-lo-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: पाल (pāla) (or from पार (pārá))
*peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)
    - Middle Persian: pʾs (pās, “guard, watch”)
      - Persian: پاس (pâs)
    - Manichaean Middle Persian: pʾhr (pāhr, “watch-post”)
      - Persian: پهر (pahr)
    - → Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah)
    - → Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti
*peh₂-dʰlom
- Italic:
  - Latin: pābulum
*peh₂-dʰrom
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
*Péh₂-usōn^[7]
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
    - Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
    - Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)
*péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā
    - Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHtā
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-
  - (?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
  - Proto-Iranian: *paH-
    - Kurdish:
      - Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /⁠pā-⁠/)
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /⁠pādan⁠/)
        Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)
- Italic:
  - Latin: panis
  - Latin: penes, penetrō
  - Latin: penus, Penātes
  - Umbrian: puni

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-^a(ri), paḫš-ⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 611-613
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-^a(ri), paḫš-ⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 611-613

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450

[7] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434

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