Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷetwóres
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Considering PIE morpheme structure, *kʷetwor- has too many consonants to be a true primitive morpheme. Tentatively, the feminine stem could point to an elemental "four" of the shape **kʷet- or **kʷetu-.
Numeral
[edit]| < 3 | 4 | 5 > |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal : *kʷetwóres Ordinal : *kʷ(e)twr̥tós[1] Prefix : *kʷetwr̥- | ||
*kʷetwóres[2]
Inflection
[edit]| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *kʷetwóres | *kʷétesres | |
| genitive | *kʷeturóHom | *kʷetesróHom | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | — | *kʷetwóres |
| vocative | — | — | *kʷetwóres |
| accusative | — | — | *kʷetwórm̥s |
| genitive | — | — | *kʷeturóHom |
| ablative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| dative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| locative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥sú |
| instrumental | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mís, *kʷetwr̥bʰís |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | — | *kʷétesres |
| vocative | — | — | *kʷétesres |
| accusative | — | — | *kʷétesrm̥s |
| genitive | — | — | *kʷetesróHom |
| ablative | — | — | *kʷetesr̥mós, *kʷetesr̥bʰós |
| dative | — | — | *kʷetesr̥mós, *kʷetesr̥bʰós |
| locative | — | — | *kʷetesr̥sú |
| instrumental | — | — | *kʷetesr̥mís, *kʷetesr̥bʰís |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | — | *kʷetwṓr |
| vocative | — | — | *kʷetwṓr |
| accusative | — | — | *kʷetwṓr |
| genitive | — | — | *kʷeturóHom |
| ablative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| dative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| locative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥sú |
| instrumental | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mís, *kʷetwr̥bʰís |
Derived terms
[edit]- *kʷetwr̥- (compounds)
- *kʷetwr̥tos ~ *kʷetwr̥tHos
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketwirtas
- Proto-Slavic: *četvьrtъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fedurþô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷétwores
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: चतुर्थ (caturtha) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Proto-Italic: *kʷawortos
- Latin: quārtus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketwirtas
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *kátur (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *gʷetʷóres
- Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊗𐊁𐊕𐊆 (teteri)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Proto-Armenian: *kʷtwr̥-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketū́res (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷetwores (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fedwōr (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷétwores (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwā́ras (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷettwōr (see there for further descendants)
- Lusitanian: petranioi
- Phrygian: διθυρ- (dithur-), θιδρα- (thidra-)
- Thracian: ketri-
- Proto-Tocharian: *ćätwerä[4] (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “lmaos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 547
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “śtwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703
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