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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wed-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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    Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *wete, the source of Finnish vesi and Hungarian víz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language, Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.

    In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental *wed- (water) was contrasted with the passive *h₂ep- (body of water), similar to the opposition of the active "fire" *h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive *péh₂wr̥.

    Root

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    *wed-

    1. to well
    2. water

    Derived terms

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    • *u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *unátˢti
      • ? Proto-Italic: *undā
        • Latin: unda (wave)
      • ? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (water) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wod-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)
      • Proto-Germanic: *waskaną (to wash) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wēd-o-s (wet)
    • *ud-ri-s
      • Proto-Italic: *udri-
        • Latin: uter (leather bag) (or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría))
    • *wed-ro-m
      • Proto-Italic: *wedrom
    • *wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os (water)
      • Old Armenian: գետ (get, river)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Illyrian: *adur
      • Indo-Aryan
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌 (vaiδi, watercourse)
        • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (vairi, lake)
          • Middle Persian: (/⁠war⁠/, lake)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wl)
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aoδa, water spring)
          • Middle Persian: (/⁠ōdāy⁠/, water spring) (just in some Zend texts)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwdʾd)
        • Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀 (usa, well)

    References

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    1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*wed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 658f.

    Further reading

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    • Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 223.5