Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂nḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*h₂nḗr m

1. man
2. power, force, vital energy

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*h₂nḗr
genitive	*h₂n̥rés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂nḗr	*h₂nérh₁(e)	*h₂néres
vocative	*h₂nér	*h₂nérh₁(e)	*h₂néres
accusative	*h₂nérm̥	*h₂nérh₁(e)	*h₂nérm̥s
genitive	*h₂n̥rés	*?	*h₂n̥róHom
ablative	*h₂n̥rés	*?	*h₂nr̥mós, *h₂nr̥bʰós
dative	*h₂n̥réy	*?	*h₂nr̥mós, *h₂nr̥bʰós
locative	*h₂nér, *h₂néri	*?	*h₂nr̥sú
instrumental	*h₂n̥réh₁	*?	*h₂nr̥mís, *h₂nr̥bʰís

• Note: an alternative form, *éh₂nōr, and feminine derivation, *h₂nerih₂, are seen in many Ancient Greek compounds (i.e. -ήνωρ and -άνειρα), probably reanalysed from archaic compounds.

Derived terms

• *h₂ner-to- (“virile, strong”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *nertom (“strength”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *nera (see there for further descendants)
• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒅔𒈾𒊏𒉿𒀭𒋫 (innarawant-)
  • Luwian: 𒀭𒅈𒌝𒈪 (ānnara/i, “forceful, virile”)
  • Lydian: 𐤫𐤵𐤭𐤮 (nãrs)
• Armenian: *aynr < *anir
  • Old Armenian: այր (ayr); առն (aṙn, gen.sg.) < *h₂n̥rós
  • Old Armenian: (?) այրի (ayri, “husbandless”) < *n̥-Hnēr-yeh₂
• (perhaps, though Derksen does not support this) Balto-Slavic:
  • Lithuanian: nóras (“will”)
  • Old Prussian: nertien (“anger”)
  • Proto-Slavic: *norvъ (“custom, manner”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *neros, with thematicized full-grade leveled from *h₂nérm̥ (accusative singular)
• Proto-Hellenic: *anḗr (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *nēr (see there for further descendants)
• Phrygian: αναρ (anar)

References

• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 366