Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wréh₂ds

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*wréh₂ds f (oblique stem *wr̥h₂d-)

1. root

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*wréh₂ds
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wréh₂ds	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
vocative	*wréh₂d	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
accusative	*wréh₂dm̥	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂dm̥s
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dóHom
ablative	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dmós, *wr̥h₂dbʰós
dative	*wr̥h₂déy	*?	*wr̥h₂dmós, *wr̥h₂dbʰós
locative	*wréh₂d, *wréh₂di	*?	*wr̥h₂dsú
instrumental	*wr̥h₂déh₁	*?	*wr̥h₂dmís, *wr̥h₂dbʰís

Derived terms

• *wréh₂d-ih₂ ~ wr̥h₂d-yéh₂s
  • Proto-Celtic: *wradī
    • Welsh: gwraidd
    • Cornish: gwreydh
    • Breton: gwriz
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ῥάδιξ (rhádix, “branch”)
  • Proto-Italic: *wrādīks
    • Latin: rādīx (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *wradnjā (< *wr̥h₂dnyo-)
  • Albanian: rrënjë
• Armenian:
  • Middle Armenian: արգատ (argat, “superfluous branches cut off from vine and used for kindling”) (possibly)
• Celtic:
  • *wridmā < *wr̥d-m-
    • Old Irish: frém
      • Middle Irish: frém, prém
        • Irish: fréamh, préamh
        • Manx: fraue
        • Scottish Gaelic: freumh
    • Middle Welsh: greðyf
      • Welsh: greddf (“instinct”)
  • *wridnā < *wr̥d-n-
    • Old Irish: frén
• Proto-Germanic: *wirtiz, *wrōts (genitive *wurtiz)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ῥίζα (rhíza) (< *wredih₂-)
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (raēša)
      • → Middle Persian: [script needed] (rēšag)
        • Persian: ریشه (rêša)
    • Northern Kurdish: reh, reg (“root”), regez (“gender; race”)
    • Zazaki: rêçıke, riçıke (“root”)
• Italic: *wradyos
  • Latin: radius (see there for further descendants)
• Italic: *wrādmos
  • Latin: rāmus (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: witsako (< *wr̥di-k-eh₂, with loss of -r-)