Appendix:Burushaski Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Burushaski, compared with definitions in English. Burushaski is a language isolate spoken in India and Pakistan.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Burushaski بُرُݸشَسکݵ edit (122) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | جا (ja), جݺ (je) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ان (un) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ان (in) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | مݵ (mi) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | مݳ (ma) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | |
| 7 | this | گسݺ (guse) |
| 8 | that | اسݺ (ise) |
| 9 | here | |
| 10 | there | |
| 11 | who | مݵنن (menan) |
| 12 | what | بݵس (bes), امس (amis) |
| 13 | where | املݸ (amulo) |
| 14 | when | بݵشل (beśal) |
| 15 | how | بݵلٹݺ (belaṭe) |
| 16 | not | |
| 17 | all | ایون (uyoon) |
| 18 | many | بٹ (buṭ) |
| 19 | some | بݵسکݺ (beske) |
| 20 | few | فون (phiwan) |
| 21 | other | |
| 22 | one | ہن (han) |
| 23 | two | التݳ (alta) |
| 24 | three | اسکݸ (usko) |
| 25 | four | ولتݸ (walto) |
| 26 | five | ݼندݸ (chundo) |
| 27 | big | ایم (uyum) |
| 28 | long | غسنم (ġusanum) |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | ہرگس (hurgas) |
| 31 | heavy | |
| 32 | small | جݸٹ (joṭ) |
| 33 | short | کھٹ (khuṭ) |
| 34 | narrow | چھَنُم (ćhanum) |
| 35 | thin | گِلِگِنُم (giliginum) |
| 36 | woman | گس (gus) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ہر (hir) |
| 38 | man (human being) | |
| 39 | child | گݷاس (giẏaas) |
| 40 | wife | یوس (yuus) |
| 41 | husband | میر (muyar) |
| 42 | mother | اِمݵ (imi) |
| 43 | father | اݷݳ (aẏa) |
| 44 | animal | |
| 45 | fish | چھمݸ (ćhumo) |
| 46 | bird | بَلَس (balas) |
| 47 | dog | ہک (huk) |
| 48 | louse | کھَرُو (kharuu) |
| 49 | snake | تݸل (tol), غُسَنُس (ghusanus) |
| 50 | worm | غَلغُ (ghalghu) |
| 51 | tree | تݸم (tom) |
| 52 | forest | جَنگَل (jangal) |
| 53 | stick | دَرݸغݸ (darogho) |
| 54 | fruit | میوݳ (miiwa) |
| 55 | seed | بݸ (bo) |
| 56 | leaf | کھِݷ (khiỵ), تپ (tap) |
| 57 | root | ݼرݽ (chiriṣ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | اسقر (asqur) |
| 60 | grass | ݽِقݳ (ṣiqa) |
| 61 | rope | گشک (gaśk) |
| 62 | skin | بٹ (baṭ) |
| 63 | meat | چھپ (ćhap) |
| 64 | blood | ملتن (multan) |
| 65 | bone | تن (tin) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | بس (bis) |
| 67 | egg | تِݣَن (tiṅan) |
| 68 | horn | الترݽ (ilturiṣ) |
| 69 | tail | اسمل (isumal) |
| 70 | feather | پھُلغُوݷ (phulghuuy) |
| 71 | hair | غیݣ (ġuyang) |
| 72 | head | یٹس (yaṭis) |
| 73 | ear | التمل (iltumal) |
| 74 | eye | الݼن (ulchin) |
| 75 | nose | امپݽ (imupuṣ) |
| 76 | mouth | خت (qhat) |
| 77 | tooth | امݺ (ime) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | اومس (uumus) |
| 79 | fingernail | اورݵ (uuri), ناخن (naaqhun) |
| 80 | foot | |
| 81 | leg | بڎن (bacin) |
| 82 | knee | اِدُمُس (idumus) |
| 83 | hand | اِرِیݣ (iriing) |
| 84 | wing | گَلگݵ (galgi) |
| 85 | belly | اول (uul) |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | اݸݽڅِݣ (oṣc̣ing) |
| 89 | breast | اندل (indil) |
| 90 | heart | اوس (os) |
| 91 | liver | اکن (ikin) |
| 92 | to drink | مناس (minaas) |
| 93 | to eat | ݽݳس (ṣias) |
| 94 | to bite | ڞٹ اݵتس (c̣haṭ etas) |
| 95 | to suck | چݽ اݵتس (ćuṣ etas) |
| 96 | to spit | تھ اݵتس (thu etas) |
| 97 | to vomit | اݸق اݵتس (oq etas) |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | |
| 101 | to see | برݵنس (barenas) |
| 102 | to hear | |
| 103 | to know | |
| 104 | to think | |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | |
| 108 | to live | ہرٹس (huruṭas) |
| 109 | to die | |
| 110 | to kill | |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | دݵلس (delas) |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | دولس (duwalas) |
| 121 | to walk | گݼرس (gucharas) |
| 122 | to come | ژݳس (juas) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ژیک مناس (jeek manaas) |
| 124 | to sit | ہرٹس (huruṭas) |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | یوݳس (yuuas) |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | سݳ (sa) |
| 148 | moon | ہلنڎ (halanċ) |
| 149 | star | اسی (asii) |
| 150 | water | ݼِل (ċhil) |
| 151 | rain | ہرلت (haralt) |
| 152 | river | سِنْدݳ (sínda) |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | بی (bayu) |
| 156 | stone | |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | خرنڎ (qhurunc̣) |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | ایش (ayaś), اسمان (asmaan) |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | تھس (thas) |
| 167 | fire | |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | اݵسقلس (esqulas) |
| 170 | road | گن (gan) |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | باردم (baardum) |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | برم (burum) |
| 176 | black | متم (matum) |
| 177 | night | تھپ (thap) |
| 178 | day | گنڎ (gunċ), سݳ (sa) |
| 179 | year | یول (yool), دݵن (den) |
| 180 | warm | گررم (garurum) |
| 181 | cold | ݘھغرم (ćhaġurum) |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | تھݸݽ (thoṣ) |
| 184 | old | مین (meen) |
| 185 | good | شݳ (śua) |
| 186 | bad | غنقݽ (ġuniqiṣ) |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | یوݷم (yuuẏum) |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | اسیر (asiir) |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | دݸݷپݳ (doỵpa) |
| 200 | left | غݷپݳ (ghaỵpa) |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name | ایک (uiik) |