Appendix:West Germanic Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of West Germanic languages, specifically Scots, Old English, West Frisian, Afrikaans, Dutch, German and Proto-West Germanic, compared with that of English.

List

№	English	Scots Scots edit (207)	Old English Ænglisċ edit (207)	West Frisian frysk edit (207)	Afrikaans Afrikaans edit (207)	Dutch Nederlands edit (207)	German Deutsch edit (207)	Proto-West Germanic edit (207)
1	I (1sg)	A, Ik, I	iċ	ik	ek	ik	ich	*ik
2	you (2sg)	thoo, you, ye	þū	do, dû, jo	jy*, u*	jij, je, u	du, Sie	*þū
3	he, she, it (3sg)	he, scho, hit	hē	hy, er	hy	hij	er, sie, es	*iʀ
4	we (1pl)	we	wē	wy	ons	wij, we	wir	*wiʀ
5	you (2pl)	thoo, you, ye	ġē	jimme	julle*, u*	jullie	ihr, Sie	*jiʀ
6	they (3pl)	thay	hīe	sy, hja	hulle	zij, ze	sie	*hiʀ
7	this	this	þēs*, þēos*, þis*	dit, dizze	dié, hierdie	deze, dit	dieser, diese, dieses, dies	*hiu
8	that	that, 'at	sē*, sēo*, þæt*	dat	dat, daardie	die, dat	der, die, das, jener, jene, jenes	*þat
9	here	here	hēr	hjir	hier	hier	hier	*hēr
10	there	thare	þǣr	dêr	daar	daar	da, dort	*þār
11	who	wha	hwā	wa	wie*	wie	wer	*hwaʀ
12	what	whit	hwæt	wat	wat*	wat	was	*hwat
13	where	whaur	hwǣr	wêr	waar*	waar	wo	*hwār
14	when	whan	hwænne	wannear, hoenear	wanneer*	wanneer	wann	*hwan
15	how	hou	hū	hoe	hoe*	hoe	wie	*hwō
16	not	no	ne	net	nie	niet	nicht	*ne
17	all	aw	eall	alle, allegear	alle	al, alle	alle	*all
18	many	mony	maniġ, fela	gâns, in protte, folle	baie, vele	veel, menig	viele	*manag
19	some	some	sum	wat, guon, sommige	party, sekere, sommige	enkele, sommige	einige, manche	*sum
20	few	few	fēaw, lȳt	in, pear, inkele	min	weinig	wenig	*fau
21	other	ither	ōþer	oar	ander	ander	anderer	*anþar
22	one	ane, ae	ān	ien	een	een	eins	*ain
23	two	twa	twēġen	twa	twee	twee	zwei, zwo	*twai-
24	three	three	þrī	trije	drie	drie	drei	*þrīʀ
25	four	fower	fēower	fjouwer	vier	vier	vier	*feuwar
26	five	five	fīf	fiif	vyf	vijf	fünf	*fimf
27	big	big, lairge	miċel	grut	groot	groot	groß	*mikil
28	long	lang	lang	lang	lank, lang	lang	lang	*lang
29	wide	wide	wīd, brād	wiid, breed	wyd	breed, wijd	breit, weit	*braid
30	thick	thick	þicce	dik, tsjok	dik	dik	dick	*þekuz
31	heavy	hivy	hefiġ	swier	swaar	zwaar, hevig	schwer	*swār
32	small	smaw, wee	lȳtel	lyts	klein	klein	klein	*smal
33	short	short, cutty	sċort	koart	kort	kort	kurz	*skurt
34	narrow	nairae	nearu	nau, ing, smel	nou, smal	smal	eng, schmal	*angī
35	thin	thin	þynne	tin	dun	dun	dünn	*þunnī
36	woman	wumman	wīf*	frou, frommes	vrou	vrouw	Frau, Weib	*kwenā
37	man (adult male)	man	wer	man	man	man	Mann	*gumō, *wer
38	man (human being)	man	mann	minske	mens	mens	Mensch	*mann
39	child	child, bairn, wean	ċild, bearn	bern	kind	kind	Kind	*barn, *kind
40	wife	wife, guidwife	wīf*	frou, wiif	vrou, gade, eggenoot	vrouw, echtgenote	Frau, Ehefrau	*wīb
41	husband	husband, guidman	wer, ċeorl	man	man, gade, eggenoot	man, echtgenoot	Mann, Ehemann	*brūdigumō
42	mother	mither	mōdor	mem	moeder	moeder	Mutter	*mōder
43	father	faither	fæder	heit	vader	vader	Vater	*fader, attō
44	animal	ainimal, beast	nīeten	bist	dier	dier	Tier	*deuʀ
45	fish	fish	fisċ	fisk	vis	vis	Fisch	*fisk
46	bird	bird, foul	fugol	fûgel	voël	vogel	Vogel	*fugl
47	dog	dug	hund	hûn	hond	hond	Hund	*hund
48	louse	loose	lūs	lús	luis	luis	Laus	*lūs
49	snake	snake	nǣdre	slange	slang	slang	Schlange	*snakō, *wurmi
50	worm	wirm	wyrm	wjirm	wurm	worm	Wurm	*wurmi
51	tree	tree	trēow	beam	boom	boom	Baum	*treu
52	forest	wid	wudu	wâld, bosk	woud, bos	woud	Forst, Wald	*walþu, *furhiþi, holt, *hursti, *widu
53	stick	stick	sticca	stok, stôk	stok	stok	Stock	*stikkō, *stokk
54	fruit	fruit	wæstm	fruit, frucht	vrug	fruit, vrucht	Frucht, Obst	*obaet, *applu, *fruht
55	seed	seed	sǣd	sied	saad	zaad	Samen, Saat	*sādi, *sād, *sāmō
56	leaf	leaf	lēaf	blêd, loaf	blaar	blad	Blatt	*laub
57	root	ruit	wyrttruma	woartel	wortel	wortel	Wurzel	*wurti
58	bark (of a tree)	baurk	rind	bast	bas	schors	Borke, Rinde	*rindā
59	flower	flouer	blōstma	blom	blom	bloem	Blume	*blōmō
60	grass	gress, girse	gærs	gers	gras	gras	Gras	*gras
61	rope	raip, towe	rāp	tou	tou, koord	touw, koord	Leine, Seil, Strick	*raip
62	skin	skin, hide	hȳd	hûd	vel	huid	Haut	*fell
63	meat	meat, flesh	flǣsċ	fleis	vleis	vlees	Fleisch	*flaiski
64	blood	bluid	blōd	bloed	bloed	bloed	Blut	*blōd
65	bone	bane	bān	bonke	been	been	Knochen	*bain
66	fat (noun)	fat	rysel	fet	vet	vet	Fett	*smalt
67	egg	egg	ǣġ	aai	eier	ei	Ei	*ajj
68	horn	horn	horn	hoarn	horing	hoorn	Horn	*horn
69	tail	tail	tæġl, steort	sturt	stert	staart	Schwanz, Schweif	*stertaz
70	feather	feather	feþer	fear	veer	veer	Feder	*feþrō
71	hair	hair	hǣr	hier	haar	haar	Haar	*tagl, *hār
72	head	heid	hēafod	holle	kop	hoofd, kop	Haupt, Kopf	*haubud
73	ear	ear, lug	ēare	ear	oor	oor	Ohr	*auʀā
74	eye	ee	ēage	each	oog	oog	Auge	*augā
75	nose	nose, neb	nosu	noas	neus	neus	Nase	*nasu
76	mouth	mooth	mūþ	mûle	mond	mond	Mund	*munþ
77	tooth	tuith	tōþ	tosk	tand	tand	Zahn	*tanþ
78	tongue (organ)	tongue	tunge	tonge	tong	tong	Zunge	*tungā
79	fingernail	fingernail	næġl	neille	nael, vingernael	vingernagel	Fingernagel	*nagl
80	foot	fit	fōt	foet	voet	voet	Fuß	*fōt
81	leg	leg	sċanca	skonk	been	been, poot	Bein	*bain
82	knee	knee	cnēow	knibbel	knie	knie	Knie	*kneu
83	hand	haund	hand	hân	hand	hand	Hand	*handu
84	wing	weeng	fiþre	wjuk	vlerk	vleugel	Fittich, Flügel, Schwinge	*flugilō
85	belly	belly	wamb	búk	maag	buik	Bauch, Leib	*būk, *magō, *wambō
86	guts	guts	þearmas*	termen	ingewande	darmen	Eingeweide, Gedärm, Innereien, Kaldaunen	*þarm
87	neck	neck, hause	swēora	nekke, hals	nek	nek, hals	Hals, Nacken	*hals
88	back	back	hryċġ	rêch	rug	rug	Rücken	*bak, *bakō
89	breast	breest	brēost	boarst, bast	bors	borst	Brust, Busen	*breust, *brust
90	heart	hert	heorte	hert	hart	hart	Herz	*hertā
91	liver	liver	lifer	lever	lewer	lever	Leber	*libru
92	to drink	drink	drincan	drinke	drink	drinken	trinken	*drinkan
93	to eat	eat	etan	ite	eet	eten	essen	*etan
94	to bite	bite	bītan	bite	byt	bijten	beißen	*bītan
95	to suck	souk	sūcan	sûge	suig	zuigen	lutschen, saugen	*sūgan
96	to spit	spit	spǣtan	spuie	spoeg	spuwen	speien, spucken	*spīwan
97	to vomit	vomit, bowk	spīwan	oerjaan, kotse	kots, opgooi, braak	braken, overgeven	brechen, erbrechen	*spīwan
98	to blow	blaw	blāwan	blaze	waai, blaas	blazen	blasen, pusten, wehen	*wāa, *blāan, *blāsan
99	to breathe	end, breaithe	ēþian	sykhelje, asemje	asemhaal	ademen	atmen	*anþijan, *hīgōn
100	to laugh	lauch	hliehhan	laitsje	lag	lachen	lachen	*hlahhjan
101	to see	see	ġesēon	sjen	sien	zien	sehen	*sehwan
102	to hear	here	ġehīeran	hearre	hoor	horen	hören	*hauʀijan
103	to know	knaw, ken	witan*, cunnan*	witte, kenne	weet	weten	kennen, wissen	*knāan, *witan
104	to think	thick	þenċan	tinke	dink	denken	denken	*þankijan, *munan
105	to smell	smell	ġestincan*, stincan*	rûke	ruik	ruiken	riechen	*stinkwan
106	to fear	fear	ondrǣdan	bang, wêze	vrees, bang	vrezen	fürchten	*furhtijan
107	to sleep	sleep	slǣpan	sliepe	slaap	slapen	schlafen	*slāpan, *swefan
108	to live	leeve	libban	libje	lewe	leven	leben	*libbjan
109	to die	dee	sweltan	stjerre, deagean	sterf, doodgaan	sterven	sterben	*dauwjan
110	to kill	kill	ofslēan	fermoardzje, deadzje	doodmaak	doden	töten, umbringen	*daudijan
111	to fight	fecht	feohtan	fjochtsje	veg	vechten	fechten, kämpfen	*fehtan
112	to hunt	hunt	huntian	jeie	jag	jagen	jagen	*jagōn
113	to hit	hit, straik	slēan	slaan, reitsje	slaan, tref	slaan, raken	schlagen	*slahan
114	to cut	cut	snīþan	snije	knip, sny	knippen, snijden	schneiden	*maitan, *snīþan
115	to split	spleet	tōclēofan	splite	kloof	splijten	spalten, spleißen	*splītan
116	to stab	stob	stingan, stician	stekke	steek	steken	stechen	*stekan
117	to scratch	scrat, scart	clawian	skraabje	krap	krabben	kratzen, ritzen, scharren	*hrīban
118	to dig	dig	delfan	grave	grawe	graven	graben	*graban
119	to swim	sweem	swimman	swimme	swem	zwemmen	schwimmen	*swimman
120	to fly	flee	flēogan	fleane	vlieg	vliegen	fliegen	*fleugan
121	to walk	walk	gān	rinne	loop, stap, wandel	lopen, stappen	gehen	*gangan
122	to come	come	cuman	komme	kom	komen	kommen	*kweman
123	to lie (as in a bed)	lie, lig	liċġan	lizze	lê	liggen	liegen	*liggjan
124	to sit	sit	sittan	sitte	sit	zitten	sitzen	*sittjan
125	to stand	staund	standan	stean	staan, opstaan*	staan	stehen	*standan, *stān
126	to turn (intransitive)	turn	wendan	draaie	draai	draaien	drehen	*hwerban, *waibijan
127	to fall	faw	feallan	falle	val	vallen	fallen	*fallan
128	to give	gie	sellan	jaan	gee	geven	geben	*geban
129	to hold	haud	healdan	hâlde	hou	houden	halten	*haldan
130	to squeeze	squeeze, press	twenġan	knipe	druk	knijpen	quetschen	*hnīpan
131	to rub	rub	gnīdan	wriuwe	vryf	wrijven	reiben	*nūwan, *hnīpan
132	to wash	wash	þwēan, wascan	waskje	was	wassen	waschen	*waskan, *þwahan
133	to wipe	wipe, dicht	wīpian	feie	vegen	vegen	wischen	*wīpōn
134	to pull	pou	tēon	lûke	trek	trekken	ziehen	*togōn
135	to push	push, putt	sċūfan	triuwe	stoot	duwen	drücken, schieben	*þrukkijan, *skeuban
136	to throw	thraw, cast, fling	weorpan	goaie, smite	gooi	werpen, gooien	werfen	*werpan
137	to tie	tie	tīeġan	fêstbine	bind, knoop	vastmaken, binden	binden, knüpfen	*bindan
138	to sew	shew	siwian	naaie	naai	naaien	nähen	*siuwjan
139	to count	coont, reckon	tellan	telle	tel	tellen	rechnen, zählen	*talljan
140	to say	say	cweþan, seċġan	sizze	sê	zeggen	sagen	*kweþan, *saggjan
141	to sing	sing	singan	sjonge	sing	zingen	singen	*singwan
142	to play	play	plegian	boartsje, spylje	speel	spelen	spielen	*laikan
143	to float	fleet, sweem	flēotan	driuwe	dryf, sweef	drijven	schweben	*flotōn, *fleutan
144	to flow	flowe, rin	flōwan	floeie	vloei	vloeien	fließen, strömen	*freusan
145	to freeze	freeze	frēosan	frieze	vries	vriezen	frieren	*freusan
146	to swell	swall	swellan	swolgje	swel	zwellen	schwellen	*swellan
147	sun	sun	sunne	sinne	son	zon	Sonne	*sunnā
148	moon	muin	mōna	moanne	maan	maan	Mond	*mānō
149	star	starn	steorra	stjer	ster	ster	Stern	*sternō, *sterrō
150	water	watter	wæter	wetter	water	water	Wasser	*watōr
151	rain	rain	reġn	rein	reën	regen	Regen	*regn
152	river	river	ēa	rivier	rivier	rivier	Fluss	*ahu, *fleutō
153	lake	loch	mere	mar	meer	meer	See	*laku
154	sea	sea	sǣ	see	see	zee	Meer	*mari, *saiwi
155	salt	saut	sealt	sâlt	sout	zout	Salz	*salt
156	stone	stane	stān	stien	klip	steen	Stein	*stain
157	sand	saund	sand	sân	sand	zand	Sand	*samd, *sand
158	dust	dist, stour	dust	stof	stof	stof	Staub	*stubbju
159	earth	erd, yird	eorþe	ierde	grond	aarde	Erde	*erþu
160	cloud	clood, clud	wolcn	wolk	wolk	wolk	Wolke	*wolkn
161	fog	rouk, haar	mist	dize	mis	mist, nevel	Nebel	*mist
162	sky	sky	heofon	loft, himel	lug	lucht, hemel	Himmel	*hebun, *luftu, *himil
163	wind	wind	wind	wyn	wind, briesie	wind	Wind	*wind
164	snow	snaw	snāw	snie	sneeu	sneeuw	Schnee	*snaiw
165	ice	ice	īs	iis	ys	ijs	Eis	*īs
166	smoke	smeuk, reek	smoca	reek	rook	rook	Rauch	*rauki
167	fire	fire	fȳr	fjoer	vuur	vuur	Feuer	*fuir, *ail, *ailid
168	ash	ess	æsċe	jiske	as	as	Asche	*askā, uslijā
169	to burn	birn	birnan*, bærnan*	baarne, brâne	brand	branden	brennen	*brinnan
170	road	wey, gate, road	weġ, strǣt	dyk, wei	pad	weg	Straße	*weg
171	mountain	muntain	beorg, dūn, munt	berch	berg	berg	Berg	*berg
172	red	reid	rēad	read	rooi	rood	rot	*raud
173	green	gren	grēne	grien	groen	groen	grün	*grōnī
174	yellow	yellae	ġeolu	giel	geel	geel	gelb	*gelu
175	white	white	hwīt	wyt	wit	wit	weiß	*hwīt
176	black	black	sweart	swart	swart	zwart	schwarz	*swart, *blak
177	night	nicht	niht	nacht	nag	nacht	Nacht	*naht
178	day	day	dæġ	dei	dag	dag	Tag	*dag
179	year	year	ġēar	jier	jaar	jaar	Jahr	*jār
180	warm	wairm	wearm	waarm	warm	warm	warm	*warm
181	cold	cauld	ċeald	kâld	koud	koud	kalt	*kald
182	full	fou	full	fol	vol	vol	voll	*full
183	new	new	nīewe	nij	nuut, nuwe	nieuw	neu	*niwi
184	old	auld	eald	âld	oud	oud	alt	*ald
185	good	guid	gōd	goed	goed	goed	gut	*gōd
186	bad	bad, ill	yfel	min	sleg	slecht	schlecht, übel	*ubil
187	rotten	rotten	fūl, rotod*	ferrotte	vrot	rot	faul, verrottet	*rotēn
188	dirty	dirty	horiġ	smoarch	vuil	vuil	schmutzig, dreckig	*fūl
189	straight	straucht	riht	rjocht	reguit	recht	gerade	*strak
190	round	roond	sinewealt	rûn	rond	rond	rund	*trind
191	sharp (as a knife)	shairp	sċearp	skerp	skerp	scherp	scharf	*hwass
192	dull (as a knife)	dull, blunt	stump	bot, stomp	stomp	stomp, bot	stumpf	*slaiw
193	smooth	smuith	smēþe	flak, glêd	glad	glad	glatt	*slipr
194	wet	weet	wǣt	wiet	nat	nat	nass, feucht	*nat
195	dry	dry	drȳġe	droech	droog	droog	dürr, trocken	*þurʀī
196	correct	richt, correct	riht	krek, korrekt	reg, korrek	juist, correct	richtig	*reht
197	near	naur	nēah	tichtby	naby	dichtbij	nah	*nāhw
198	far	faur	feorr	fier	ver	ver	fern, weit	*ferrē
199	right	richt	swīþra	rjochts	regs	rechts	rechts	*tehswō
200	left	left	winestra	links, lofts	links	links	links	*winistr
201	at	at	æt	by, aon	by	aan, te, bij	an, bei	*at
202	in	in, ben	on	yn	in, binne	in	in	*in
203	with	wi	mid	mei	met	met	mit	*midi
204	and	an	and	en	en	en	und	*and
205	if	gif	ġif	as	as	als, indien	ob, wenn	*jabē, *jabu
206	because	acause	for þon þe*, for	omdat	omdat	omdat	weil	*hwandē
207	name	name	nama	namme	naam	naam	Name	*namō

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Ashkun Akkadian Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Tuareg Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Celtiberian Central Bikol Chambeali Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Even Evenki Faliscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian West Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Galatian Gelao Georgian Old Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Classical Gaelic Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Jaunsari Javanese Jeju Jizhao Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Katë Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Korean Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lepontic Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Manchu Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuan Mandarin Nanjing Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Northern Mansi Nihali Nuristani Kalasha Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Norse Old Prussian Old Tupi Oscan Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tregami Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Udi Caucasian Albanian Ukrainian Umbrian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Germanic West North Hellenic Hmong-Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Sabellic Japonic Kartvelian Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tocharian Tyrsenian Slavic East West South Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian
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