Appendix:West Germanic Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of West Germanic languages, specifically Proto-West Germanic, Old English, West Frisian, Afrikaans, Dutch and German, compared with that of English.

List

№	English	Proto-West Germanic edit (207)	Old English Ænglisċ edit (207)	West Frisian frysk edit (207)	Afrikaans Afrikaans edit (207)	Dutch edit (207)	German Deutsch edit (207)
1	I (1sg)	*ik	iċ	ik	ek	ik	ich
2	you (2sg)	*þū	þū	do, dû, jo	jy*, u*	jij, je, u	du, Sie
3	he, she, it (3sg)	*iʀ	hē	hy, er	hy	hij	er, sie, es
4	we (1pl)	*wiʀ	wē	wy	ons	wij, we	wir
5	you (2pl)	*jiʀ	ġē	jimme	julle*, u*	jullie	ihr, Sie
6	they (3pl)	*hiʀ	hīe	sy, hja	hulle	zij, ze	sie
7	this	*hiu	þēs*, þēos*, þis*	dit, dizze	dié, hierdie	deze, dit	dieser, diese, dieses, dies
8	that	*þat	sē*, sēo*, þæt*	dat	dat, daardie	die, dat	der, die, das, jener, jene, jenes
9	here	*hēr	hēr	hjir	hier	hier	hier
10	there	*þār	þǣr	dêr	daar	daar	da, dort
11	who	*hwaʀ	hwā	wa	wie*	wie	wer
12	what	*hwat	hwæt	wat	wat*	wat	was
13	where	*hwār	hwǣr	wêr	waar*	waar	wo
14	when	*hwan	hwænne	wannear, hoenear	wanneer*	wanneer	wann
15	how	*hwō	hū	hoe	hoe*	hoe	wie
16	not	*ne	ne	net	nie	niet	nicht
17	all	*all	eall	alle, allegear	alle	al, alle	alle
18	many	*manag	maniġ, fela	gâns, in protte, folle	baie, vele	veel, menig	viele
19	some	*sum	sum	wat, guon, sommige	party, sekere, sommige	enkele, sommige	einige, manche
20	few	*fau	fēaw, lȳt	in, pear, inkele	min	weinig	wenig
21	other	*anþar	ōþer	oar	ander	ander	anderer
22	one	*ain	ān	ien	een	een	eins
23	two	*twai-	twēġen	twa	twee	twee	zwei, zwo
24	three	*þrīʀ	þrī	trije	drie	drie	drei
25	four	*feuwar	fēower	fjouwer	vier	vier	vier
26	five	*fimf	fīf	fiif	vyf	vijf	fünf
27	big	*mikil	miċel	grut	groot	groot	groß
28	long	*lang	lang	lang	lank, lang	lang	lang
29	wide	*braid	wīd, brād	wiid, breed	wyd	breed, wijd	breit, weit
30	thick	*þekuz	þicce	dik, tsjok	dik	dik	dick
31	heavy	*swār	hefiġ	swier	swaar	zwaar, hevig	schwer
32	small	*smal	lȳtel	lyts	klein	klein	klein
33	short	*skurt	sċort	koart	kort	kort	kurz
34	narrow	*angī	nearu	nau, ing, smel	nou, smal	smal	eng, schmal
35	thin	*þunnī	þynne	tin	dun	dun	dünn
36	woman	*kwenā	wīf*	frou, frommes	vrou	vrouw	Frau, Weib
37	man (adult male)	*gumō, *wer	wer	man	man	man	Mann
38	man (human being)	*mann	mann	minske	mens	mens	Mensch
39	child	*barn, *kind	ċild, bearn	bern	kind	kind	Kind
40	wife	*wīb	wīf*	frou, wiif	vrou, gade, eggenoot	vrouw, echtgenote	Frau, Ehefrau
41	husband	*brūdigumō	wer, ċeorl	man	man, gade, eggenoot	man, echtgenoot	Mann, Ehemann
42	mother	*mōder	mōdor	mem	moeder	moeder	Mutter
43	father	*fader, attō	fæder	heit	vader	vader	Vater
44	animal	*deuʀ	nīeten	bist	dier	dier	Tier
45	fish	*fisk	fisċ	fisk	vis	vis	Fisch
46	bird	*fugl	fugol	fûgel	voël	vogel	Vogel
47	dog	*hund	hund	hûn	hond	hond	Hund
48	louse	*lūs	lūs	lús	luis	luis	Laus
49	snake	*snakō, *wurmi	nǣdre	slange	slang	slang	Schlange
50	worm	*wurmi	wyrm	wjirm	wurm	worm	Wurm
51	tree	*treu	trēow	beam	boom	boom	Baum
52	forest	*walþu, *furhiþi, holt, *hursti, *widu	wudu	wâld, bosk	woud, bos	woud	Forst, Wald
53	stick	*stikkō, *stokk	sticca	stok, stôk	stok	stok	Stock
54	fruit	*obaet, *applu, *fruht	wæstm	fruit, frucht	vrug	fruit, vrucht	Frucht, Obst
55	seed	*sādi, *sād, *sāmō	sǣd	sied	saad	zaad	Samen, Saat
56	leaf	*laub	lēaf	blêd, loaf	blaar	blad	Blatt
57	root	*wurti	wyrttruma	woartel	wortel	wortel	Wurzel
58	bark (of a tree)	*rindā	rind	bast	bas	schors	Borke, Rinde
59	flower	*blōmō	blōstma	blom	blom	bloem	Blume
60	grass	*gras	gærs	gers	gras	gras	Gras
61	rope	*raip	rāp	tou	tou, koord	touw, koord	Leine, Seil, Strick
62	skin	*fell	hȳd	hûd	vel	huid	Haut
63	meat	*flaiski	flǣsċ	fleis	vleis	vlees	Fleisch
64	blood	*blōd	blōd	bloed	bloed	bloed	Blut
65	bone	*bain	bān	bonke	been	been	Knochen
66	fat (noun)	*smalt	rysel	fet	vet	vet	Fett
67	egg	*ajj	ǣġ	aai	eier	ei	Ei
68	horn	*horn	horn	hoarn	horing	hoorn	Horn
69	tail	*stertaz	tæġl, steort	sturt	stert	staart	Schwanz, Schweif
70	feather	*feþrō	feþer	fear	veer	veer	Feder
71	hair	*tagl, *hār	hǣr	hier	haar	haar	Haar
72	head	*haubud	hēafod	holle	kop	hoofd, kop	Haupt, Kopf
73	ear	*auʀā	ēare	ear	oor	oor	Ohr
74	eye	*augā	ēage	each	oog	oog	Auge
75	nose	*nasu	nosu	noas	neus	neus	Nase
76	mouth	*munþ	mūþ	mûle	mond	mond	Mund
77	tooth	*tanþ	tōþ	tosk	tand	tand	Zahn
78	tongue (organ)	*tungā	tunge	tonge	tong	tong	Zunge
79	fingernail	*nagl	næġl	neille	nael, vingernael	vingernagel	Fingernagel
80	foot	*fōt	fōt	foet	voet	voet	Fuß
81	leg	*bain	sċanca	skonk	been	been, poot	Bein
82	knee	*kneu	cnēow	knibbel	knie	knie	Knie
83	hand	*handu	hand	hân	hand	hand	Hand
84	wing	*flugilō	fiþre	wjuk	vlerk	vleugel	Fittich, Flügel, Schwinge
85	belly	*būk, *magō, *wambō	wamb	búk	maag	buik	Bauch, Leib
86	guts	*þarm	þearmas*	termen	ingewande	darmen	Eingeweide, Gedärm, Innereien, Kaldaunen
87	neck	*hals	swēora	nekke, hals	nek	nek, hals	Hals, Nacken
88	back	*bak, *bakō	hryċġ	rêch	rug	rug	Rücken
89	breast	*breust, *brust	brēost	boarst, bast	bors	borst	Brust, Busen
90	heart	*hertā	heorte	hert	hart	hart	Herz
91	liver	*libru	lifer	lever	lewer	lever	Leber
92	to drink	*drinkan	drincan	drinke	drink	drinken	trinken
93	to eat	*etan	etan	ite	eet	eten	essen
94	to bite	*bītan	bītan	bite	byt	bijten	beißen
95	to suck	*sūgan	sūcan	sûge	suig	zuigen	lutschen, saugen
96	to spit	*spīwan	spǣtan	spuie	spoeg	spuwen	speien, spucken
97	to vomit	*spīwan	spīwan	oerjaan, kotse	kots, opgooi, braak	braken, overgeven	brechen, erbrechen
98	to blow	*wāa, *blāan, *blāsan	blāwan	blaze	waai, blaas	blazen	blasen, pusten, wehen
99	to breathe	*anþijan, *hīgōn	ēþian	sykhelje, asemje	asemhaal	ademen	atmen
100	to laugh	*hlahhjan	hliehhan	laitsje	lag	lachen	lachen
101	to see	*sehwan	ġesēon	sjen	sien	zien	sehen
102	to hear	*hauʀijan	ġehīeran	hearre	hoor	horen	hören
103	to know	*knāan, *witan	witan*, cunnan*	witte, kenne	weet	weten	kennen, wissen
104	to think	*þankijan, *munan	þenċan	tinke	dink	denken	denken
105	to smell	*stinkwan	ġestincan*, stincan*	rûke	ruik	ruiken	riechen
106	to fear	*furhtijan	ondrǣdan	bang, wêze	vrees, bang	vrezen	fürchten
107	to sleep	*slāpan, *swefan	slǣpan	sliepe	slaap	slapen	schlafen
108	to live	*libbjan	libban	libje	lewe	leven	leben
109	to die	*dauwjan	sweltan	stjerre, deagean	sterf, doodgaan	sterven	sterben
110	to kill	*daudijan	ofslēan	fermoardzje, deadzje	doodmaak	doden	töten, umbringen
111	to fight	*fehtan	feohtan	fjochtsje	veg	vechten	fechten, kämpfen
112	to hunt	*jagōn	huntian	jeie	jag	jagen	jagen
113	to hit	*slahan	slēan	slaan, reitsje	slaan, tref	slaan, raken	schlagen
114	to cut	*maitan, *snīþan	snīþan	snije	knip, sny	knippen, snijden	schneiden
115	to split	*splītan	tōclēofan	splite	kloof	splijten	spalten, spleißen
116	to stab	*stekan	stingan, stician	stekke	steek	steken	stechen
117	to scratch	*hrīban	clawian	skraabje	krap	krabben	kratzen, ritzen, scharren
118	to dig	*graban	delfan	grave	grawe	graven	graben
119	to swim	*swimman	swimman	swimme	swem	zwemmen	schwimmen
120	to fly	*fleugan	flēogan	fleane	vlieg	vliegen	fliegen
121	to walk	*gangan	gān	rinne	loop, stap, wandel	lopen, stappen	gehen
122	to come	*kweman	cuman	komme	kom	komen	kommen
123	to lie (as in a bed)	*liggjan	liċġan	lizze	lê	liggen	liegen
124	to sit	*sittjan	sittan	sitte	sit	zitten	sitzen
125	to stand	*standan, *stān	standan	stean	staan, opstaan*	staan	stehen
126	to turn (intransitive)	*hwerban, *waibijan	wendan	draaie	draai	draaien	drehen
127	to fall	*fallan	feallan	falle	val	vallen	fallen
128	to give	*geban	sellan	jaan	gee	geven	geben
129	to hold	*haldan	healdan	hâlde	hou	houden	halten
130	to squeeze	*hnīpan	twenġan	knipe	druk	knijpen	quetschen
131	to rub	*nūwan, *hnīpan	gnīdan	wriuwe	vryf	wrijven	reiben
132	to wash	*waskan, *þwahan	þwēan, wascan	waskje	was	wassen	waschen
133	to wipe	*wīpōn	wīpian	feie	vegen	vegen	wischen
134	to pull	*togōn	tēon	lûke	trek	trekken	ziehen
135	to push	*þrukkijan, *skeuban	sċūfan	triuwe	stoot	duwen	drücken, schieben
136	to throw	*werpan	weorpan	goaie, smite	gooi	werpen, gooien	werfen
137	to tie	*bindan	tīeġan	fêstbine	bind, knoop	vastmaken, binden	binden, knüpfen
138	to sew	*siuwjan	siwian	naaie	naai	naaien	nähen
139	to count	*talljan	tellan	telle	tel	tellen	rechnen, zählen
140	to say	*kweþan, *saggjan	cweþan, seċġan	sizze	sê	zeggen	sagen
141	to sing	*singwan	singan	sjonge	sing	zingen	singen
142	to play	*laikan	plegian	boartsje, spylje	speel	spelen	spielen
143	to float	*flotōn, *fleutan	flēotan	driuwe	dryf, sweef	drijven	schweben
144	to flow	*freusan	flōwan	floeie	vloei	vloeien	fließen, strömen
145	to freeze	*freusan	frēosan	frieze	vries	vriezen	frieren
146	to swell	*swellan	swellan	swolgje	swel	zwellen	schwellen
147	sun	*sunnā	sunne	sinne	son	zon	Sonne
148	moon	*mānō	mōna	moanne	maan	maan	Mond
149	star	*sternō, *sterrō	steorra	stjer	ster	ster	Stern
150	water	*watōr	wæter	wetter	water	water	Wasser
151	rain	*regn	reġn	rein	reën	regen	Regen
152	river	*ahu, *fleutō	ēa	rivier	rivier	rivier	Fluss
153	lake	*laku	mere	mar	meer	meer	See
154	sea	*mari, *saiwi	sǣ	see	see	zee	Meer
155	salt	*salt	sealt	sâlt	sout	zout	Salz
156	stone	*stain	stān	stien	klip	steen	Stein
157	sand	*samd, *sand	sand	sân	sand	zand	Sand
158	dust	*stubbju	dust	stof	stof	stof	Staub
159	earth	*erþu	eorþe	ierde	grond	aarde	Erde
160	cloud	*wolkn	wolcn	wolk	wolk	wolk	Wolke
161	fog	*mist	mist	dize	mis	mist, nevel	Nebel
162	sky	*hebun, *luftu, *himil	heofon	loft, himel	lug	lucht, hemel	Himmel
163	wind	*wind	wind	wyn	wind, briesie	wind	Wind
164	snow	*snaiw	snāw	snie	sneeu	sneeuw	Schnee
165	ice	*īs	īs	iis	ys	ijs	Eis
166	smoke	*rauki	smoca	reek	rook	rook	Rauch
167	fire	*fuir, *ail, *ailid	fȳr	fjoer	vuur	vuur	Feuer
168	ash	*askā, uslijā	æsċe	jiske	as	as	Asche
169	to burn	*brinnan	birnan*, bærnan*	baarne, brâne	brand	branden	brennen
170	road	*weg	weġ, strǣt	dyk, wei	pad	weg	Straße
171	mountain	*berg	beorg, dūn, munt	berch	berg	berg	Berg
172	red	*raud	rēad	read	rooi	rood	rot
173	green	*grōnī	grēne	grien	groen	groen	grün
174	yellow	*gelu	ġeolu	giel	geel	geel	gelb
175	white	*hwīt	hwīt	wyt	wit	wit	weiß
176	black	*swart, *blak	sweart	swart	swart	zwart	schwarz
177	night	*naht	niht	nacht	nag	nacht	Nacht
178	day	*dag	dæġ	dei	dag	dag	Tag
179	year	*jār	ġēar	jier	jaar	jaar	Jahr
180	warm	*warm	wearm	waarm	warm	warm	warm
181	cold	*kald	ċeald	kâld	koud	koud	kalt
182	full	*full	full	fol	vol	vol	voll
183	new	*niwi	nīewe	nij	nuut, nuwe	nieuw	neu
184	old	*ald	eald	âld	oud	oud	alt
185	good	*gōd	gōd	goed	goed	goed	gut
186	bad	*ubil	yfel	min	sleg	slecht	schlecht, übel
187	rotten	*rotēn	fūl, rotod*	ferrotte	vrot	rot	faul, verrottet
188	dirty	*fūl	horiġ	smoarch	vuil	vuil	schmutzig, dreckig
189	straight	*strak	riht	rjocht	reguit	recht	gerade
190	round	*trind	sinewealt	rûn	rond	rond	rund
191	sharp (as a knife)	*hwass	sċearp	skerp	skerp	scherp	scharf
192	dull (as a knife)	*slaiw	stump	bot, stomp	stomp	stomp, bot	stumpf
193	smooth	*slipr	smēþe	flak, glêd	glad	glad	glatt
194	wet	*nat	wǣt	wiet	nat	nat	nass, feucht
195	dry	*þurʀī	drȳġe	droech	droog	droog	dürr, trocken
196	correct	*reht	riht	krek, korrekt	reg, korrek	juist, correct	richtig
197	near	*nāhw	nēah	tichtby	naby	dichtbij	nah
198	far	*ferrē	feorr	fier	ver	ver	fern, weit
199	right	*tehswō	swīþra	rjochts	regs	rechts	rechts
200	left	*winistr	winestra	links, lofts	links	links	links
201	at	*at	æt	by, aon	by	aan, te, bij	an, bei
202	in	*in	on	yn	in, binne	in	in
203	with	*midi	mid	mei	met	met	mit
204	and	*and	and	en	en	en	und
205	if	*jabē, *jabu	ġif	as	as	als, indien	ob, wenn
206	because	*hwandē	for þon þe*, for	omdat	omdat	omdat	weil
207	name	*namō	nama	namme	naam	naam	Name

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Central Bikol Chambeali Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Javanese Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Jaunsari Korean Jeju Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Norwegian Nynorsk Northern Mansi Nihali Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Tupi Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Thai Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Algonquian and Iroquoian Arabic Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic West Germanic Hellenic Hmong-Mien Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Dardic Pahari Rajasthani Sindhic Iranian Nuristani Italian Japonic Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Romance Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Tocharian Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Nuristani Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Tai
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