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Appendix:Evenki Swadesh list

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Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Evenki
Эвэды̄ турэ̄н (Evedȳ turēn)
1 I би
2 you (singular) си
3 he, she, it нуӈан, но̄н*
4 we бу (э)
мит (и)
5 you (plural) сӯ
6 they нуӈартын, но̄ртын*
7 this эр
8 that тар
9 here э̄дӯ
10 there тадӯ, та̄ла̄
11 who who
12 what what
13 where where
14 when when
15 how how
16 not not
17 all all
18 many кэтэ, хэгды*, баран*, эгды*
19 some адыка̄н
20 few ады̄ка̄н угӣкэ̄н, угӯкун
21 other ге̄; хуӈту
22 one умун
23 two дю̄р
24 three илан
25 four дыгин
26 five тунӈа
27 big хэгды, хэгдыӈэ, эгды, кали
28 long ӈо̄ним
29 wide ды̄вэ̄н, албин, дэлэй*, нэптэрин*, вардама*; эмӈэ; авам
30 thick дырам, лукту
31 heavy ургэ, ургэпчу
32 small хулукӯн, никӯн
33 short урумкӯн
34 narrow тые, силимкӯн, капчи, туллэде, нэмкӯн*, туе*, нэюмкӯн*
35 thin нэмкӯн, хурумэ*, чурбика*, никру*
36 woman аси
37 man (adult male) бэе
38 man (human being) илэ, бэе
39 child куӈака̄н
40 wife асӣ, атырка̄н
41 husband эды
42 mother энӣн
43 father амӣн
44 animal бэйӈэ, бэюн
45 fish олло
46 bird дэги
47 dog ӈинакин, нина*
48 louse кумкэ
49 snake кулин
50 worm урэ, икири, кулика̄н
51 tree мо̄
52 forest моса, хӯра*, харги*
53 stick мо̄ка̄н
54 fruit диктэ, тэвуктэ
55 seed чэ̄мэ, чӣмэ*
56 leaf авданна, абдон*, абданна*
57 root ӈиӈтэ
58 bark (of a tree) улдакса, эрэктэ*, дэллэ*, угдаха
59 flower ӈо̄ды, аргава̄ктэ*, чэӈэктэ*, чурика̄*
60 grass чӯка; (сухая) орокто
61 rope хэркэвӯн, усӣ
62 skin кикикта, иллэ
63 meat уллэ
64 blood сэксэ
65 bone гирамна
66 fat (noun) имӯксэ
67 egg умукта
68 horn ие
69 tail ирги
70 feather лэпурэ̄, бӯк*
71 hair нюриктэ
72 head дыл
73 ear сен
74 eye эса
75 nose оӈокто
76 mouth амӈа
77 tooth иктэ
78 tongue (organ) инни, чо̄лӣ
79 fingernail осӣкта
80 foot хагдыкӣ
81 leg халган
82 knee хэнӈэн
83 hand ӈалэ
84 wing дэктылэ̄, асакӣ, лэпурэ̄, хуракӣ*
85 belly хукитэ, дылба
86 guts силукта
87 neck никимна, моӈон
88 back сэ̄гдэ̄ннэ, кэӈтырэ̄
89 breast хикэ̄н, тыӈэн
90 heart ме̄ван
91 liver хакин
92 to drink ум-мӣ
93 to eat дев-мӣ, деп-мӣ
94 to bite кик-мӣ
95 to suck уку-мӣ
96 to spit тумни-мӣ
97 to vomit исэ-мӣ
98 to blow хув-мӣ, эдын-мӣ
99 to breathe эрӣ-мӣ
100 to laugh инектэ-мӣ
101 to see to see
102 to hear to hear
103 to know са̄-мӣ
104 to think гӯнчэ-мӣ, дялда̄-мӣ
105 to smell ӈо̄кта-мӣ, амтада̄-мӣ
106 to fear ӈэ̄лэт-мӣ
107 to sleep а̄-мӣ, нина̄-мӣ*, хуклэ̄-мӣ*
108 to live ин-мӣ, би-мӣ, бодо-мӣ
109 to die бу-мӣ
110 to kill to kill
111 to fight ӈо̄рча-мӣ
112 to hunt булта-мӣ, бэюктэ-мӣ, бэюмӣ-мӣ
113 to hit колто-мӣ, солто-мӣ*
114 to cut мӣ-мӣ
115 to split ивэ̄-мӣ, дэрпэлӣ-мӣ*; калта-мӣ*
116 to stab арки-мӣ; (копьём) гида-мӣ; токто-мӣ
117 to scratch осӣ-мӣ
118 to dig улэ̄-мӣ, эрӣ-мӣ
119 to swim элбэскэ̄т-мӣ элбэсчэ-
120 to fly дэгиктэ-мӣ
121 to walk гирку-мӣ, некэ-мӣ*, хавал-мӣ*
122 to come эмэ-мӣ
123 to lie (as in a bed) хуклэ̄-мӣ, тогот-мӣ
124 to sit тэгэт-мӣ
125 to stand илит-мӣ
126 to turn (intransitive) хоролисин-мӣ; мучӯ-мӣ; токор-мӣ
127 to fall буру-мӣ, нирил-мӣ, тык-мӣ
128 to give бӯ-мӣ
129 to hold дявӯча-мӣ
130 to squeeze тырэ̄-мӣ
131 to rub сики-мӣ
132 to wash ав-мӣ, силки-мӣ
133 to wipe ав-мӣ, тэсӣ-мӣ
134 to pull та̄н-мӣ
135 to push анӯ-мӣ, ана-мӣ
136 to throw усэ̄ндэ̄-мӣ, но̄дӯ-мӣ
137 to tie уй- мӣ, хэркэ-мӣ
138 to sew уллӣ-мӣ, улды̄-мӣ*
139 to count таӈ-мӣ
140 to say гун-мӣ
141 to sing икэ̄-мӣ, давла̄-мӣ, дяра-мӣ
142 to play эвӣ-мӣ
143 to float о̄-мӣ
144 to flow эе̄н-мӣ
145 to freeze хе̄мур-мӣ
146 to swell кэпэ-мӣ, курбэ-мӣ, авул-мӣ
147 sun дылача̄, сигун*
148 moon бе̄га
149 star о̄сикта, о̄сика̄кта
150 water мӯ
151 rain тыгдэ, удун
152 river бира, енэ*, олус*, орус*, урус*
153 lake а̄мут, ня̄рут, туӈэ̄р
154 sea ламу
155 salt турукэ̄, давахун*, тус*
156 stone дёло, хисэ, иӈа̄*, ихэ*
157 sand иӈа̄, сиругӣ, сиргӣ*
158 dust на̄мнэ, тукала̄, хунӈэ̄, курэннек*
159 earth тукала̄
160 cloud туксу, нектэ
161 fog тамнакса
162 sky няӈня, буга
163 wind эдын
164 snow иманна, сиӈилгэн
165 ice дюкэ
166 smoke саӈнян
167 fire того
168 ash хулэптэн, тукала̄
169 to burn дегды̄-мӣ, лурги-мӣ
170 road хокто
171 mountain урэ
172 red хулама, хуларин, хо̄лбама
173 green чулама, чуларин, чурин
174 yellow сиӈарин, сиӈама
175 white багдама, багдарин
176 black коӈномо, коӈнорин
177 night долбони
178 day инэӈӣ, тырганӣ
179 year анӈанӣ
180 warm няма, нямапчу; епу
181 cold иӈинӣпчу, хиктырэ̄; гиллэмэ
182 full дялум
183 new о̄макта
184 old горопты; хатапты; холокто, уту; сагды
185 good ая, аяпчу
186 bad эрӯ, эрӯпчу, уха*
187 rotten муну, ухук*
188 dirty няӈнячӣ, мит
189 straight ӈуӈнэ
190 round муӈумэ; мурумэ
191 sharp (as a knife) эмир, делтумэ
192 dull (as a knife) хэептэн, ее*, муктукӣ*
193 smooth бултумэ
194 wet улапкун
195 dry dry
196 correct тэде̄
197 near дага, да̄*, да̄лта*, та̄ма*
198 far горо
199 right анӈӯ
200 left дегинӈӯ
201 at дага
202 in -дӯ, -тӯ; -ла̄, -дула̄, -тула̄; -лан, -чӣ
203 with -нун, -гали*; -тай; , -ди
204 and -да̄, -дэ̄; тадук, тарит
205 if -раки, -наки, -лаки, -таки, -мӣ
206 because та̄рит
207 name гэрбӣ (гэрби)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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