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Appendix:Tarifit Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Tarifit, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishTarifit
edit (207)
1I (1sg)necc
2you (2sg)cekk (masculine), cemm (feminine)
3he, she, it (3sg)netta (masculine), nettat (feminine)
4we (1pl)neccin
5you (2pl)kenniw (masculine), kennint (feminine)
6they (3pl)nihni (masculine), nihenti (feminine)
7thiswa (masculine), ta (feminine), aya (neuter)
8thatwin (masculine), tin (feminine), ayin (neuter)
9hereda
10theredin
11whowi
12whatmin
13wheremani
14whenmeřmi
15howmamec, muk
16notur
17allmarra
18manyaṭṭas
19someca
20fewdrus
21othernneɣni, nniḍen
22oneijjen (masculine), icten (feminine)
23twotnayn
24threetřata
25fourarbɛa
26fivexemsa
27bigameqqran
28longaziyrar
29widemiriw
30thickgdar
31heavydqeř
32smallameẓẓyan
33shortaquḍaḍ
34narrowḥsar
35thinazdad
36womantamɣart, tameṭṭut
37man (adult male)aryaz
38man (human being)aryaz, amdan
39childaḥenjir, rbeẓẓ
40wifetamɣart
41husbandaryaz
42motheryemma
43fatherbaba
44animallḥayawan
45fishasřem
46birdajḍiḍ
47dogaydi, aqzin, aheggar
48louseticcit
49snakefiɣar, tarefsa
50wormakeccaw, adan n tmurt
51treessejart, asecřu
52forestřɣabet, taɣent
53stickakeccuḍ, aɛekkaz, taɣarct
54fruitřxuḍart
55seedřḥebb
56leafafar
57rootaẓwar
58bark (of a tree)thacit
59flowernnwar, tanewatc
60grassarrbiɛ
61ropeasɣun
62skiniřem
63meataysum, aksum
64bloodidammen
65boneiɣes
66fat (noun)tadunt
67eggtameǧatc
68hornicc
69tailakennas
70featherarric
71hairacewwaf
72headixf
73earameẓẓuɣ
74eyetiṭ
75nosetinzar, anzar
76mouthaqemmum, imi
77toothtiɣmest
78tongue (organ)ires
79fingernailiccar
80footḍar
81legḍar
82kneefud
83handfus
84wingafar
85bellyaɛeddis
86gutsadan
87neckiri
88backaɛrur
89breastadmar, abbic
90heart
91livertsa
92to drinksu
93to eatecc
94to biteɣezz, zɛef
95to suckṭṭeḍḍ
96to spitssusef
97to vomitarr, ɛuqq
98to blowssuḍ
99to breathearr nnefs
100to laughḍḥec
101to seeẓar, wařa
102to hearseř
103to knowssen
104to thinkxemmem, pinsar, tɣir
105to smellcemm
106to fearggʷed
107to sleepṭṭes
108to livezdeɣ
109to diemmet, nnuṛi
110to killneɣ
111to fightmneɣ
112to huntymar
113to hitwwet, ssqer
114to cutqess, fri
115to splitbḍa
116to stabwwet s rmus, pikar
117to scratchcmez
118to digɣez
119to swimfdeḥ, ɛum
120to flyḍu, farfar
121to walkuyur
122to comeas
123to lie (as in a bed)ẓẓer
124to sitqqim
125to standbedd
126to turn (intransitive)qřeb
127to fallwḍa
128to giveewc
129to holdcebbar
130to squeezeẓemm
131to rubnḥed, ḥekk
132to washssiad, ssrir
133to wipemseḥ
134to pulljbed, jaṛṛ
135to pushɛarn
136to thrownḍar, seyyeb, ḥri
137to tieqqen, cedd, carf
138to sewxeyyeḍ
139to countḥseb
140to sayini
141to singɣennej
142to playirar
143to floatfdeḥ
144to flowazzer
145to freezejars, jmed
146to swelluff
147suntfuyt, tfuct
148moonayur
149staritri
150wateraman
151rainanẓar
152riveriɣzar
153lakearimam
154searebḥar
155salttameǧaḥt
156stoneaẓṛu
157sandijdi
158dusttaɣebbart
159earthšar
160cloudasegnu
161fogtayyut
162skyajenna
163windaḍu, asemmiḍ
164snowadfer
165iceajris
166smokeddexxan
167firetimessi
168ashiɣed
169to burnarɣ, ssḥarq, cmeḍ
170roadabrid
171mountainadrar
172redazeggʷaɣ
173greenazegzaw, arrbiɛi
174yellowawṛaɣ
175whiteacemřař
176blackaberkan
177nightǧiret
178daynnhar, ass
179yearaseggʷas
180warmḥma
181coldasemmiḍ
182fullccur
183newjjdid
184oldameqqran
185goodṣbeḥ
186badaɛeffan
187rottenxṣar
188dirtymarreɣ
189straightnican
190roundaquray
191sharp (as a knife)qḍeɛ
192dull (as a knife)ḥfa
193smoothařeqqaɣ
194wetuff
195dryazeɣ
196correctnican
197nearades
198farggʷej
199rightafusi
200leftaẓermaḍ
201atɣar
202indi
203withaked
204andd
205ifmařa
206becauseminzi
207nameism
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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