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Appendix:Turkmen Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Turkmen, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishTurkmen
türkmen dili
edit (205)
1I (1sg)men
2you (2sg)sen
3he, she, it (3sg)ol
4we (1pl)biz
5you (2pl)siz
6they (3pl)olar
7thisbu
8thatşu, şol
9hereşu taýda, onda, bäri
10thereol ýerde, o taýda
11whokim
12whatnäme
13wherenirede
14whenhaçan
15hownähili, niçik, häýsy (which)
16notdäl
17allbary, hemme, ähli, her
18manyköp
19somebirnäçe, berentak
20fewaz
21otherbaşga
22onebir
23twoikki
24threeüç
25fourdört
26fivebäş, kelle
27biguly (older), çişik
28longuzyn
29widegiňiş, giň
30thickgalyň
31heavyagyr
32smallkiçi, kiçijik
33shortgysga
34narrowdar
35thininçe
36womanheleý, aýal (Arabic)
37man (adult male)erkek, adam (Arabic)
38man (human being)ynsan, adam (Arabic), kişi
39childçaga
40wifeaýal
41husbandär, adam
42mothereje
43fatherkaka
44animalhaýwan
45fishbalyk
46birdguş
47dogit, köpek (male), güýük
48lousebit
49snakeýylan
50wormgurt, gurçuk
51treebag, agaç
52foresttokaý
53stickçöp, taýak (stick, cane)
54fruitmiwe
55seedtohum
56leafýaprak
57rootkök, düýp (base)
58bark (of a tree)gabyk
59flowergül
60grassot
61ropetanap, ýüp, urgan (thick)
62skinderi (animal), ham (human)
63meatet
64bloodgan
65bonesüňk
66fat (noun)yağ
67eggýumurtga
68hornşah (person)
69tailguýruk
70featherýelek
71hairsaç, tüý, gyl
72headbaş
73eargulak
74eyeкөз
75noseburun
76mouthagyz
77toothdiş
78tongue (organ)dil
79fingernaildyrnak
80footaýak
81legaýak
82kneedyz
83handel
84wingganat
85bellygaryn
86gutsiçege
87neckboýun
88backarka, yagyrny
89breastemjek
90heartýürek
91liverbagyr
92to drinkiçmek
93to eatiýmek
94to bitedişlemek
95to suckemmek
96to spittüýkürmek
97to vomitgusmak
98to blowüflemek, öwüsmek
99to breathedem almak
100to laughgülmek
101to seegörmek
102to heareşitmek
103to knowbilmek
104to thinkpikir etmek, saýmak, üýtmek
105to smellysgamak (sniff)
106to feargorkmak, eýmenmek
107to sleepuklamak
108to liveýaşamak
109to dieölmek
110to killöldürmek
111to fighturuşmak (war), söweşmek, göreşmek (wrestle)
112to huntawlamak
113to hitpatlamak, urmak (beat)
114to cutkesmek
115to splitýarylmak
116to stabpyçaklamak, naýzalamak
117to scratchdyrnaçaklamak
118to diggazmak
119to swimýüzmek
120to flyuçmak
121to walkýöremek, barmak
122to comegelmek
123to lie (as in a bed)ýatmak, uzanmak
124to sitoturmak
125to standdurmak
126to turn (intransitive)dönmek
127to fallýykylmak
128to givebermek
129to holdtutmak
130to squeezesykmak
131to ruboýkamak, sürtenmek
132to washýuwmak
133to wipesüpürmek
134to pulldartmak, çekmek
135to pushitmek
136to throwatmak
137to tiebaglamak
138to sewtikmek
139to countsanamak
140to saydiýmek
141to singsaýramak
142to playoýnamak
143to floatýüzmek
144to flowakmak
145to freezeşatlamak, doňdurmak
146to swellçişmek
147sungün
148moon
149starýyldyz
150watersuw
151rainýagyş
152riverderýa
153lakeköl
154seadeňiz
155saltduz
156stonedaş
157sandgum, çäge
158dustçaň, toz, tozan
159earthtoprak
160cloudbulut
161fogduman
162skygök, asman
163windýel
164snowgar
165icebuz
166smoketüsse
167fireot
168ashkül
169to burnötmek, otlamak, ýanmak
170roadýol
171mountaindag
172redgyzyl
173greenýaşyl
174yellowsary
175whiteak
176blackgara
177nightgije
178daygün
179yearýyl
180warmýyly
181coldsowuk
182fulldoly, dok (satisfied)
183newtäze (person)
184oldköne (things), garry (people)
185goodýagşy, gowy
186bad(er)bet, pis, ýaman (badly)
187rottençüýrük
188dirtykirli, hapa
189straightgöni, dogry
190roundtogalak, öwre
191sharp (as a knife)ýiti, ötgür
192dull (as a knife)kütek
193smoothtekiz
194wetçygly, öl (damp, wet)
195dryqury
196correctdogry
197nearýakyn
198faruzak, alyş
199rightsag
200leftçep
201at
202in
203withbilen
204andwe
205ifeger
206becauseçünki
207nameat
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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