Appendix:Sindhi Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Sindhi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References
[edit]- Siraj-ul-Haque Memon, Ghulam Ali Alanna, Qalandar Shah Lakiaree (2010) Oxford English-Sindhi Dictionary, OUP Pakistan, →ISBN
- Parmanand, Mewaram (1910) “سنڌي”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, Hyderabad, Sindh: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society
List
[edit]| № | English | Sindhi سنڌي edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | آئون (āū̃), مان (mā̃) (dialectal, Northern Sindh) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | تون (tū̃) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | هِي (hī) (masculine proximal), هُو (hū) (masculine distal), هِيءَ (hīa) (feminine proximal), هُوءَ (hūa) (feminine distal) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | اَسِين (asī̃), اسان (asā̃), پاڻ (pāṇ) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | تَوِهِين (tavhī̃), توهان (tavhā̃), اوھان (avhā̃) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | هِي (hī) (proximal), هُو (hū) (distal) |
| 7 | this | هِي (hī) (masculine), هِيءَ (hīa) (feminine) |
| 8 | that | هُو (hū) (masculine), هُوءَ (hūa) (feminine) |
| 9 | here | هِتي (hite) |
| 10 | there | هُتي (hute) |
| 11 | who | ڪير (ker) |
| 12 | what | ڇا (chā) |
| 13 | where | ڪِٿي (kithe) |
| 14 | when | ڪَڏهَن (kaᶑhã) |
| 15 | how | ڪِيئَن (kiã) |
| 16 | not | نہ (na) |
| 17 | all | سَڀُ (sabhu) |
| 18 | many | گھَڻا (ghaṇā) |
| 19 | some | ڪُجھِ (kujhi) |
| 20 | few | ٿورا (thorā) |
| 21 | other | ٻِيو (biyo) |
| 22 | one | هِڪُ (hiku) |
| 23 | two | ٻہ (ɓa) |
| 24 | three | ٽي (te) |
| 25 | four | چار (cār) |
| 26 | five | پَنجَ (panja) |
| 27 | big | وَڏو (vaᶑo) |
| 28 | long | ڊِگهو (ḍigho) |
| 29 | wide | ڪُشادو (kuśādo), ويڪِرو (vekiro) |
| 30 | thick | ٿُلهو (thulho) |
| 31 | heavy | ڳَرو (ɠaro) |
| 32 | small | نَنڍو (naṇḍho) |
| 33 | short | نَنڍو (naṇḍho) |
| 34 | narrow | تَنگ (tang) |
| 35 | thin | سَنهو (sanho) |
| 36 | woman | عورت ('aurat), زال (zāl) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ماڻهُو (māṇhū), مَردُ (mardu) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ماڻهُو (māṇhū), اِنسانُ (insānu) |
| 39 | child | ٻارِ (ɓāri) |
| 40 | wife | زال (zāl), جوءِ (joe), گهَر واري (ghar vārī), اِستَري (istarī) |
| 41 | husband | مَڙس (maṛs), گهَر وارو (ghar vāro) |
| 42 | mother | ماءُ (māu) |
| 43 | father | پيءُ (pīu) |
| 44 | animal | جانوَرُ (jānvaru) |
| 45 | fish | مَڇي (machī) |
| 46 | bird | پَکِي (pakhī) |
| 47 | dog | ڪُتو (kuto) |
| 48 | louse | جوُنءَ (jū̃a), جوُن (jū̃) |
| 49 | snake | نانگُ (nāṅgu) |
| 50 | worm | ڪِيڙو (kīṛo) |
| 51 | tree | وَڻُ (vaṇu) |
| 52 | forest | جھَنگَل (jhaṅgal) |
| 53 | stick | لَٺِ (laṭhi) |
| 54 | fruit | ميوا (mevā) |
| 55 | seed | ٻِجُ (ɓiju) |
| 56 | leaf | پَنُ (panu) |
| 57 | root | پاڙَ (pāṛa) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ڇوڏو (choᶑo) |
| 59 | flower | گُلُ (gulu) |
| 60 | grass | گاھُ (gāhu) |
| 61 | rope | رَسو (raso) |
| 62 | skin | کَلَ (khala) |
| 63 | meat | گوشت (gośt) |
| 64 | blood | رَتُ (ratu) |
| 65 | bone | هَڏو (haᶑo) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | چَرٻِي (carɓī) |
| 67 | egg | آنو (āno) |
| 68 | horn | سڱ (siṅu) |
| 69 | tail | پڇ (puchu) |
| 70 | feather | کنڀ (khambhu) |
| 71 | hair | وارَ (vāra) |
| 72 | head | مٿو (matho) |
| 73 | ear | ڪَنَ (kana) |
| 74 | eye | اکِ (akhi) |
| 75 | nose | نَڪُ (naku) |
| 76 | mouth | واتُ (vātu) |
| 77 | tooth | ڏَندَ (ᶑanda) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | زَبانَ (zabāna) |
| 79 | fingernail | نَھُن (nahun) |
| 80 | foot | پيرُ (peru) |
| 81 | leg | ٽَنگَ (ṭaṅga) |
| 82 | knee | گوڏو (goᶑo) |
| 83 | hand | ھَٿَ (hatha) |
| 84 | wing | پر (paru) |
| 85 | belly | پيٽُ (peṭu) |
| 86 | guts | آنڊو (āṇḍo) |
| 87 | neck | ڳِچي (ɠicī) |
| 88 | back | پُٺِ (puṭhi) |
| 89 | breast | ڇاتي (chātī) |
| 90 | heart | دِل (dil) |
| 91 | liver | جِگَرُ (jigaru) |
| 92 | to drink | پِيئَڻُ (pīaṇu), پِئَڻُ (piaṇu) |
| 93 | to eat | کَائِڻُ (khāiṇu) |
| 94 | to bite | چَڪ ھَڻَڻُ (cak haṇaṇu) |
| 95 | to suck | چُوپِڻُ (cūpaṇu), چُوسِڻُ (cūsaṇu) |
| 96 | to spit | ٿُڪَڻُ (thukaṇu) |
| 97 | to vomit | اوڪَڻُ (okaṇu), اُلٽِي ڪَرڻُ (ulṭī karṇu) |
| 98 | to blow | ڦُوڪَڻُ (phūkaṇu) |
| 99 | to breathe | سَاهُه کَڻڻُ (sāhu khaṇṇu) |
| 100 | to laugh | کِلَڻُ (khilaṇu) |
| 101 | to see | ڏِسَڻُ (disaṇu) |
| 102 | to hear | ٻُڌَڻُ (ɓudhaṇu) |
| 103 | to know | ڄَاڻَڻُ (ʄāṇaṇu) |
| 104 | to think | سوچَڻُ (socaṇu), خِيَالُ ڪَرَڻُ (xiyālu karaṇu) |
| 105 | to smell | سُنگهَڻُ (suṅghaṇu), سِنگهَڻُ (siṅghaṇu) |
| 106 | to fear | ڊِڄَڻُ (ḍiʄaṇu) |
| 107 | to sleep | سُمهَڻُ (sumhaṇu) |
| 108 | to live | جِيئَڻُ (jīaṇu) |
| 109 | to die | مَرَڻُ (maraṇu) |
| 110 | to kill | مَارَڻُ (māraṇu) |
| 111 | to fight | وِڙهَڻُ (viṛhaṇu) |
| 112 | to hunt | شِڪارُ ڪَرَڻُ (śikāru karaṇu) |
| 113 | to hit | مَارَڻُ (māraṇu) |
| 114 | to cut | وَڍَڻُ (vaḍhaṇu) |
| 115 | to split | چِيرَڻُ (cīraṇu), ڏَارَڻُ (ᶑāraṇu) |
| 116 | to stab | ھَڻَڻُ (haṇaṇu) |
| 117 | to scratch | کَنَھَڻُ (khanahaṇu) |
| 118 | to dig | کوٽڻُ (khoṭaṇu) |
| 119 | to swim | تَرَڻُ (taraṇu) |
| 120 | to fly | اُڏِرَڻُ (uᶑiraṇu) |
| 121 | to walk | هَلَڻُ (halaṇu) |
| 122 | to come | اَچَڻُ (acaṇu) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ليٽَڻُ (leṭaṇu) |
| 124 | to sit | ويهَڻُ (vehaṇu) |
| 125 | to stand | اُٿڻُ (uṭhaṇu) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | وَرَڻُ (varaṇu) |
| 127 | to fall | ڪِرَڻُ (giraṇu) |
| 128 | to give | ڏِيَڻُ (diaṇu) |
| 129 | to hold | جَهلَڻُ (jhalaṇu) |
| 130 | to squeeze | نِپُوڙَڻُ (nipūṛaṇu) |
| 131 | to rub | مَھٽَڻُ (mahṭaṇu) |
| 132 | to wash | ڌوئِڻُ (dhoaṇu) |
| 133 | to wipe | اُگھَڻُ (ughaṇu) |
| 134 | to pull | ڇِڪَڻُ (chikaṇu) |
| 135 | to push | ڌِڪَڻُ (dhikaṇu) |
| 136 | to throw | اُڇلائِڻُ (uchlāiṇu) |
| 137 | to tie | ٻَڌَڻُ (ɓadhaṇu) |
| 138 | to sew | سِبَڻُ (sibaṇu) |
| 139 | to count | ڳَڻَڻُ (gaṇaṇu) |
| 140 | to say | چوَڻُ (cavaṇu) |
| 141 | to sing | ڳائِڻُ (gāiṇu) |
| 142 | to play | کيڏَڻُ (kheḍaṇu) |
| 143 | to float | تَرَڻُ (taraṇu) |
| 144 | to flow | وَھَڻُ (vahaṇu) |
| 145 | to freeze | ڄَمَڻُ (ʄamaṇu) |
| 146 | to swell | سُڄَڻُ (suʄaṇu) |
| 147 | sun | سِجُ (siju), سُورَجُ (sūraju) |
| 148 | moon | چَنڊُ (canḍu) |
| 149 | star | تارو (tāro) |
| 150 | water | پاڻي (pānī) |
| 151 | rain | مينھُن (mī̃hũ) |
| 152 | river | نَدي (nadī) |
| 153 | lake | ڍَنڍَ (ḍhanḍha) |
| 154 | sea | سَمُنڊُ (samundu) |
| 155 | salt | لۇڻُ (lūṇu) |
| 156 | stone | پَٿَرُ (patharu) |
| 157 | sand | وارِي (vārī) |
| 158 | dust | مِٽِي (miṭī) |
| 159 | earth | ڌَرتِي (dhartī), زَمِينَ (zamīna) |
| 160 | cloud | ڪَڪَرُ (kakaru) |
| 161 | fog | ڪوهِيڙو (kohīṛo) |
| 162 | sky | آسمانُ (āsmānu) |
| 163 | wind | واءُ (vāu) |
| 164 | snow | بَرفَ (barfa) |
| 165 | ice | بَرفَ (barfa) |
| 166 | smoke | دونھون (dū̃hõ) |
| 167 | fire | بَاھِه (bāhi) |
| 168 | ash | ڇائيِ (chāī) |
| 169 | to burn | ٻَرَڻ (ɓaraṇu) |
| 170 | road | رَستو (rasto) |
| 171 | mountain | جَبَلُ (jabalu) |
| 172 | red | ڳاڙھو (gāṛho) |
| 173 | green | سائو (sāo) |
| 174 | yellow | ڦِڪو (phiko) |
| 175 | white | اَڇو (acho) |
| 176 | black | ڪارو (kāro) |
| 177 | night | راتِ (rāti) |
| 178 | day | ڏِينھُن (ᶑīhũ) |
| 179 | year | سالُ (sālu) |
| 180 | warm | ڪوسو (koso), گَرَمُ (garamu) |
| 181 | cold | ٿَڌو (thadho) |
| 182 | full | ڀَريَل (bharyal) |
| 183 | new | نئون (naõ) |
| 184 | old | پُراڻو (purāṇo), پوڙھو (poṛho) |
| 185 | good | سُٺو (suṭho), ڀَلو (bhalo) |
| 186 | bad | خرَابُ (xarābu), ڪِنو (kiṇo), مَٺو (maṭho) |
| 187 | rotten | ڳَريَل (ɠaryal) |
| 188 | dirty | ميرو (mero) |
| 189 | straight | سِڌو (sidho) |
| 190 | round | گولُ (golu) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | تِکو (tikho), تيز (tez) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | مُڏو (muᶑo) |
| 193 | smooth | لَسو (laso) |
| 194 | wet | آلو (ālo) |
| 195 | dry | سُڪَل (sukal) |
| 196 | correct | صَحِيح (sahi) |
| 197 | near | ويجھو (vejho) |
| 198 | far | پَري (pare) |
| 199 | right | سَڄو (saʄo) |
| 200 | left | کَٻو (khaɓo) |
| 201 | at | تي (te) |
| 202 | in | ۾ (mẽ) |
| 203 | with | سان (sā̃), گَڏ (gaᶑ) |
| 204 | and | ۽ (a͠i) |
| 205 | if | جيڪَڏَھِن (jekaᶑahin) |
| 206 | because | ڇالاءِ (chālāi), اِنھِي ڪري (inhai kare) |
| 207 | name | نالو (nālo) |