Appendix:Jaunsari Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Jaunsari, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Jaunsari जौनसारी (jaunsārī) edit (201) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | हाऊं (hāū̃) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तुमे (tume) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | सेउ (seu) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | आमें (āmẽ) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | सेउ (seu) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | सै (sai) |
| 7 | this | एजो (ejo) |
| 8 | that | सेजो (sejo) |
| 9 | here | एइके (eike) |
| 10 | there | तोइके (toike) |
| 11 | who | कुंण (kuṇṇ) |
| 12 | what | का (kā) |
| 13 | where | कोइके (koike) |
| 14 | when | कौतरा (kautrā) |
| 15 | how | कौशौ (kauśau) |
| 16 | not | ना (nā) |
| 17 | all | बद्दे (badde) |
| 18 | many | भौरी (bhaurī) |
| 19 | some | थोड़ौ (thoṛau) |
| 20 | few | इशिया (iśiyā) |
| 21 | other | दूजौ (dūjau) |
| 22 | one | एक (ek) |
| 23 | two | दुई (duī) |
| 24 | three | तीन (tīn) |
| 25 | four | चार (cār) |
| 26 | five | पांच (pāñc) |
| 27 | big | बौड़ौ (bauṛau) |
| 28 | long | लाम्बौ (lāmbau) |
| 29 | wide | चौड़ौ (cauṛau) |
| 30 | thick | मोटौ (moṭau) |
| 31 | heavy | गौरकौ (gaurkau) |
| 32 | small | नेंदरे (nendre) |
| 33 | short | ठेंगणौ (ṭheṅgṇau) |
| 34 | narrow | टांटौ (ṭāṇṭau) |
| 35 | thin | पातलौ (pātlau) |
| 36 | woman | बेठकुड़ी (beṭhkuṛī) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | माणुश (māṇuś) |
| 38 | man (human being) | माणुश (māṇuś) |
| 39 | child | नौनाउळ (naunāuḷ) |
| 40 | wife | जोरु (joru) |
| 41 | husband | खुआंद (khuānd) |
| 42 | mother | इजी (ijī) |
| 43 | father | बा (bā) |
| 44 | animal | पौशु (pauśu) |
| 45 | fish | मछी (machī) |
| 46 | bird | चौड़ी (cauṛī) |
| 47 | dog | कुकुर (kukur) |
| 48 | louse | जूं (jū̃) |
| 49 | snake | साप (sāp) |
| 50 | worm | किड़ौ (kiṛau) |
| 51 | tree | बूट (būṭ) |
| 52 | forest | जौंगौळ (jauṅgauḷ) |
| 53 | stick | डेंगौ (ḍeṅgau) |
| 54 | fruit | फौळ (phauḷ) |
| 55 | seed | बीज (bīj) |
| 56 | leaf | पातौर (pātaur) |
| 57 | root | जौड़ (jauṛ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | बौकौट (baukauṭ) |
| 59 | flower | फूल (phūl) |
| 60 | grass | घास (ghās) |
| 61 | rope | पागेजी (pāgejī) |
| 62 | skin | चमड़ी (camṛī) |
| 63 | meat | शिकार (śikār) |
| 64 | blood | लो (lo) |
| 65 | bone | हाड़गे (hāṛge) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | बौ (bau) |
| 67 | egg | पेनी (penī) |
| 68 | horn | शींग (śīṅg) |
| 69 | tail | पूचूंण (pūcū̃ṇ) |
| 70 | feather | पाख (pākh) |
| 71 | hair | मुडाळ (muḍāḷ) |
| 72 | head | मुंड (muṇḍ) |
| 73 | ear | कान (kān) |
| 74 | eye | आखौ (ākhau) |
| 75 | nose | नाक (nāk) |
| 76 | mouth | खाब (khāb) |
| 77 | tooth | दांद (dānd) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जीब (jīb) |
| 79 | fingernail | नौग (naug) |
| 80 | foot | बांगणे (bāṅgṇe) |
| 81 | leg | टांग (ṭāṅg) |
| 82 | knee | घुंडौ (ghuṇḍau) |
| 83 | hand | आथ (āth) |
| 84 | wing | पाख (pākh) |
| 85 | belly | पेंद (pend) |
| 86 | guts | आन्दरा (āndarā) |
| 87 | neck | केर (ker) |
| 88 | back | चीगड़ौ (cīgṛau) |
| 89 | breast | छाती (chātī) |
| 90 | heart | जीउ (jīu) |
| 91 | liver | काळजौ (kāḷjau) |
| 92 | to drink | पीणौ (pīṇau) |
| 93 | to eat | खाणौ (khāṇau) |
| 94 | to bite | काटणौ (kāṭṇau) |
| 95 | to suck | चूशणौ (cūśṇau) |
| 96 | to spit | थुकणौ (thukṇau) |
| 97 | to vomit | छादणौ (chādṇau) |
| 98 | to blow | फुंकणौ (phuṅkṇau) |
| 99 | to breathe | सौसियाणौ (sausiyāṇau) |
| 100 | to laugh | औसणौ (ausṇau) |
| 101 | to see | देखणौ (dekhṇau) |
| 102 | to hear | शुणणौ (śuṇṇau) |
| 103 | to know | जाणणौ (jāṇṇau) |
| 104 | to think | सुंचणौ (suñcṇau) |
| 105 | to smell | शींगणौ (śīṅgṇau) |
| 106 | to fear | डौरणौ (ḍaurṇau) |
| 107 | to sleep | सुतणौ (sutṇau) |
| 108 | to live | जीणौ (jīṇau) |
| 109 | to die | मौरणौ (maurṇau) |
| 110 | to kill | झांगणौ (jhāṅgṇau) |
| 111 | to fight | झौगड़िणौ (jhaugṛiṇau) |
| 112 | to hunt | शिकारी (śikārī) |
| 113 | to hit | कुटणौ (kuṭṇau) |
| 114 | to cut | काटणौ (kāṭṇau) |
| 115 | to split | बांटिणौ (bāṇṭiṇau) |
| 116 | to stab | बुखणौ (bukhṇau) |
| 117 | to scratch | खुरौचणौ (khuraucṇau) |
| 118 | to dig | खौणणौ (khauṇṇau) |
| 119 | to swim | बाउखा (bāukhā) |
| 120 | to fly | हुडाणौ (huḍāṇau) |
| 121 | to walk | हांडणौ (hāṇḍṇau) |
| 122 | to come | आणौ (āṇau) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | पौळटिणौ (pauḷṭiṇau) |
| 124 | to sit | बौशणौ (bauśṇau) |
| 125 | to stand | ठाडौ बिजणौ (ṭhāḍau bijṇau) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | फिरणौ (phirṇau) |
| 127 | to fall | रुळणौ (ruḷṇau) |
| 128 | to give | देणौ (deṇau) |
| 129 | to hold | पौकड़ौणौ (paukṛauṇau) |
| 130 | to squeeze | पाइदेणौ (pāideṇau) |
| 131 | to rub | मोळौणौ (moḷauṇau) |
| 132 | to wash | धोणौ (dhoṇau) |
| 133 | to wipe | ओबाणौ (obāṇau) |
| 134 | to pull | खिंचणौ (khiñcṇau) |
| 135 | to push | धाकौ देणौ (dhākau deṇau) |
| 136 | to throw | फेरकाणौ (pherkāṇau) |
| 137 | to tie | बाननौ (bānnau) |
| 138 | to sew | सिबणौ (sibṇau) |
| 139 | to count | गिणणौ (giṇṇau) |
| 140 | to say | बोलणौ (bolṇau) |
| 141 | to sing | गीत (gīt) |
| 142 | to play | खेल (khel) |
| 143 | to float | बाउखा (bāukhā) |
| 144 | to flow | बौइणौ (bauiṇau) |
| 145 | to freeze | जमणौं (jamṇa͠u) |
| 146 | to swell | ऊशाणौं (ūśāṇa͠u) |
| 147 | sun | दूस (dūs) |
| 148 | moon | जून (jūn) |
| 149 | star | तारे (tāre) |
| 150 | water | पाणी (pāṇī) |
| 151 | rain | झौड़ (jhauṛ) |
| 152 | river | नौ (nau) |
| 153 | lake | पोखोर (pokhor), ताल (tāl) |
| 154 | sea | सौमुदौर (saumudaur) |
| 155 | salt | नूंण (nū̃ṇ) |
| 156 | stone | ढोळौ (ḍhoḷau) |
| 157 | sand | बाळु (bāḷu) |
| 158 | dust | धुड़ाऊ (dhuṛāū) |
| 159 | earth | धौईत्री (dhauītrī) |
| 160 | cloud | बादौल (bādaul) |
| 161 | fog | कुरेड़ (kureṛ) |
| 162 | sky | गौईंण (gauī̃ṇ) |
| 163 | wind | बागुर (bāgur) |
| 164 | snow | हिऊं (hiū̃) |
| 165 | ice | हिऊं (hiū̃) |
| 166 | smoke | धुऔं (dhua͠u) |
| 167 | fire | आग (āg) |
| 168 | ash | छार (chār) |
| 169 | to burn | ओजणौं (ojṇa͠u) |
| 170 | road | शौड़ौक (śauṛauk) |
| 171 | mountain | भीड़ (bhīṛ) |
| 172 | red | राटौ (rāṭau) |
| 173 | green | हौरौ (haurau) |
| 174 | yellow | पिंगौळौ (piṅgauḷau) |
| 175 | white | शेंतौ (śẽtau) |
| 176 | black | कालौ (kālau) |
| 177 | night | रात (rāt) |
| 178 | day | दूस (dūs) |
| 179 | year | बौरीश (baurīś) |
| 180 | warm | तातौ (tātau) |
| 181 | cold | शेळौ (śeḷau) |
| 182 | full | बद्दे (badde) |
| 183 | new | नौऔ (nauau) |
| 184 | old | पुराणौ (purāṇau) |
| 185 | good | आछौ (āchau) |
| 186 | bad | बुरौ (burau) |
| 187 | rotten | शौड़ियूं (śauṛiyū̃) |
| 188 | dirty | गाउन्दौ (gāundau) |
| 189 | straight | सीदौ (sīdau) |
| 190 | round | गोळ (goḷ) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | नौजीक (naujīk), नौजीकड़े (naujīkṛe) |
| 198 | far | दूरे (dūre) |
| 199 | right | दौईणौ (dauīṇau) |
| 200 | left | बांऔं (bā̃a͠u) |
| 201 | at | ते (te) |
| 202 | in | दौ (dau) |
| 203 | with | के साथे (ke sāthe) |
| 204 | and | औनी (aunī) |
| 205 | if | जे (je) |
| 206 | because | कौठखे (kauṭhkhe) |
| 207 | name | नाऊं (nāū̃) |