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Appendix:Proto-Japonic Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Japonic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishProto-Japonic
edit (207)
1I (1sg)*a, *wa
2you (2sg)*o, *u
3he, she, it (3sg)*ka, *sə
4we (1pl)*wa, *waya
5you (2pl)*ura, *uya
6they (3pl)*kara, *kata, *səra
7this*kə
8that*a, *ka, *o, *sə
9here*kəkə, *kəma
10there*ama, *oma, *səkə
11who*ta
12what*n-anu-
13where*intu
14when*itu
15how*ika
16not*na
17all*mərə
18many*əpə
19some*iku
20few*iku
21other*pəka
22one*pitə
23two*puta
24three*mi
25four*yə
26five*etu
27big*əpə
28long*nanka
29wide*pirə
30thick*atu
31heavy*onpo
32small*koma, *sasa
33short*minsika
34narrow*senpa
35thin*usu
36woman*mia
37man (adult male)*we, *wo
38man (human being)*pitə
39child*ko, *warapa
40wife*mia
41husband*wopitə
42mother*papa
43father*titi
44animal*ikimənə
45fish*iwo, *uwo
46bird*təri
47dog*enu
48louse*sirami
49snake*papimi, *papumi
50worm*mosi
51tree*kəi
52forest*məri, *yama
53stick*tuwe
54fruit*mui, *nari
55seed*sanai, *tanai
56leaf*pa
57root*ne
58bark (of a tree)*kapa
59flower*pana
60grass*kusa
61rope*tuna
62skin*kapa
63meat*mui, *sisi
64blood*ti
65bone*pone
66fat (noun)*anpura
67egg*kapinko, *konka
68horn*tuno
69tail*wo
70feather*pane
71hair*kai
72head*kasira
73ear*mimi
74eye*mai
75nose*pana
76mouth*kutuy
77tooth*pa
78tongue (organ)*sita, *sunpa
79fingernail*tumai
80foot*a, *asi
81leg*a, *asi
82knee*pinsa, *pisa
83hand*tai
84wing*pane
85belly*para
86guts*wata
87neck*kunpi
88back*kusi, *osirə
89breast*munai
90heart*kimo, *kəkərə
91liver*kimo
92to drink*nəm-
93to eat*kam-, *kup-, *kurap-
94to bite*kam-
95to suck*sup-
96to spit*tunpak-
97to vomit*pak-
98to blow*puk-
99to breathe*iki s-
100to laugh*warap-
101to see*mi-
102to hear*kik-
103to know*sir-
104to think*əməp-
105to smell*kank-, *kans-
106to fear*əntər-, *ətər-
107to sleep*n-, *nenpur-
108to live*iki-
109to die*mar-, *sin-
110to kill*kərəs-
111to fight*tatak-
112to hunt*kar-
113to hit*tatak-, *ut-
114to cut*kir-
115to split*sak-, *wak-, *war-
116to stab*sas-
117to scratch*kak-
118to dig*por-
119to swim*əyənk-
120to fly*tənp-
121to walk*arik-, *aruk-, *ayum-
122to come*k-
123to lie (as in a bed)*n-, *p-
124to sit*wi-
125to stand*tat-
126to turn (intransitive)*map-
127to fall*ətə-, *pur-
128to give*atap-, *kura-
129to hold*mət-
130to squeeze*sinp-
131to rub*sur-
132to wash*arap-
133to wipe*sus-
134to pull*pik-
135to push*os-
136to throw*nanka-
137to tie*kukur-, *musunp-, *yup-
138to sew*nup-
139to count*yəm-
140to say*ip-
141to sing*utap-
142to play*asonp-, *asunp-
143to float*uk-
144to flow*nanka-
145to freeze*kəpər-
146to swell*pukur-
147sun*pi, *pu
148moon*tukui
149star*pəsi
150water*mentu
151rain*amai
152river*kapa
153lake*omi
154sea*omi
155salt*sipo
156stone*esoi
157sand*su, *suna
158dust*tiri
159earth*mita
160cloud*kumo
161fog*kiri, *kuri
162sky*amai
163wind*kansai
164snow*yoki
165ice*kəpəri
166smoke*kenpuri
167fire*poi
168ash*papi
169to burn*moya-
170road*miti
171mountain*məri, *yama
172red*aka
173green*awo
174yellow*koi
175white*sira, *siro
176black*kuro
177night*yo, *yoru
178day*pi, *piru
179year*təsi
180warm*atata, *atu, *nuku
181cold*si
182full*mitita, *pita
183new*nipi
184old*puru
185good*yə, *yərəsi
186bad*waru
187rotten*kusarita
188dirty*kitana
189straight*masa, *masə
190round*maru
191sharp (as a knife)*to
192dull (as a knife)*nenpu
193smooth*namia
194wet*nura-
195dry*kara-, *kawak-
196correct*masa, *masə
197near*tika
198far*təpə
199right*minki
200left*pintari
201at*ni
202in*ni, *utui
203with*tə
204and*tə
205if*məsi
206because*ta, *tamai
207name*na
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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