Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/pa

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Etymology 1

Particle

*pa

topic marker

Descendants

Old Japanese: は (pa)
- Japanese: は (wa)
Proto-Ryukyuan: *wa
- Northern Ryukyuan:
  - Kikai: や (ya)
  - Kunigami: や (ya)
  - Northern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)
  - Okinawan: や (ya)
  - Okinoerabu: は (wa)
  - Southern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)
  - Tokunoshima: や (ya)
  - Yoron: や (ya)
- Southern Ryukyuan:
  - Miyako: あ (a)
  - Yaeyama: あ (a)
  - Yonaguni: や (ya), あ (a)

Etymology 2

Possibly also related to *pa (“tooth; blade”), but the pitch accents do not match. For semantics, compare English blade.

Pronunciation

	A user suggests that this Proto-Japonic reconstruction entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “source needed for pronunciation”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup⁽⁺⁾ for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

IPA^(key): /pâ/

Accent class 1.2.

Noun

*pa

leaf

Descendants

Old Japanese: 葉 (pa)
- Japanese: 葉 (ha)
Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
- Northern Ryukyuan:
  - Kikai:
    Aden: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Araki: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
    Kamikatetsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
    Nakasato: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
    Onotsu: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
    Sakamine: 葉 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)
    Shiomichi: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Shitōke: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
    Wan: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
  - Kunigami:
    Hentona: 葉 (fā)
    Iejima: 葉 (phā)
    Nago: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
    Nakijin: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
    Sakimotobu: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
  - Northern Amami Ōshima:
    Naze: 葉 (ha) (tone class AB)
    Yuwan: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
  - Okinawan:
    Naha: 葉 (fā)
    Shuri: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
  - Okinoerabu:
    Kamishiro: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
    Serikaku: 葉 (fā)
    Tetechina: 葉 (fā)
  - Southern Amami Ōshima:
    Koniya: 葉 (fā)
    Shodon: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
  - Tokunoshima:
    Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
    Matsubara: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
    San: 葉 (ha) (tone class A)
  - Yoron: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
- Southern Ryukyuan:
  - Miyako:
    Bora: 葉 (pā)
    Hirara: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Ikema: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)
    Irabu: 葉 (pā)
    Karimata: 葉 (pā)
    Kuninaka: 葉 (pā)
    Minna: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)
    Nobaru: 葉 (pā)
    Ōgami: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Ōura: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Sawada: 葉 (pā)
    Shimajiri: 葉 (pā)
    Tarama: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)
    Uechi: 葉 (pā)
  - Yaeyama:
    Hateruma: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
    Hatoma: 葉 (pā)
    Ishigaki: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
    Kohama: 葉 (pā)
    Kuroshima: 葉 (pā)
    Sonai: 葉 (pā)
    Taketomi: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
  - Yonaguni: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

Etymology 3

Cognate with *pa (“blade”).^[1]^[2] Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).

Pronunciation

	A user suggests that this Proto-Japonic reconstruction entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “source needed for pronunciation”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup⁽⁺⁾ for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

IPA^(key): /pǎ/

Accent class 1.3.

Noun

*pa

tooth

Descendants

Old Japanese: 歯 (pa)
- Japanese: 歯 (ha)
Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
- Northern Ryukyuan:
  - Kikai:
    Aden: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Araki: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
    Kamikatetsu: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
    Nakasato: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
    Onotsu: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
    Sakamine: 歯 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)
    Shiomichi: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Shitōke: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
    Wan: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
  - Kunigami:
    Nakijin: 歯 (phā) (tone class B)
  - Northern Amami Ōshima:
    Naze: 歯 (ha) (tone class AB)
    Yuwan: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
  - Okinawan:
    Naha: 歯 (hā)
    Shuri: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
  - Okinoerabu:
    Ashikiyora: 歯 (fā)
    Kamihirakawa: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
    Kamishiro: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
    Kunigami: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
    Tamina: 歯 (fā)
    Wadomari: 歯 (fā)
  - Southern Amami Ōshima:
    Shodon: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
  - Tokunoshima:
    Asama: 歯 (hā)
    Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)
  - Yoron: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
- Southern Ryukyuan:
  - Miyako:
    Bora: 歯 (pā)
    Hirara: 歯 (pā)
    Ikema: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
    Irabu: 歯 (pā)
    Karimata: 歯 (pā)
    Kugai: 歯 (pā)
    Kurima: 歯 (pā)
    Minna: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
    Nobaru: 歯 (pā)
    Ōgami: 歯 (pā)
    Ōura: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
    Sarahama: 歯 (hā)
    Shimajiri: 歯 (pā)
    Tarama: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
    Uechi: 歯 (pā)
    Uruka: 歯 (pā)
    Yonaha: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
  - Yaeyama:
    Hatoma: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
    Ishigaki: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
  - Yonaguni: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

Etymology 4

Cognate with *pa (“tooth”).^[1]^[2] Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pǎ/

Accent class 1.3.

Noun

*pa

blade

Descendants

Old Japanese: 刃 (pa)
- Japanese: 刃 (ha)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]