Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/pa

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Etymology 1

Particle

*pa

1. topic marker

Descendants

• Old Japanese: は (pa)
  • Japanese: は (wa)
• Proto-Ryukyuan: *wa
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai: や (ya)
    • Kunigami: や (ya)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)
    • Okinawan: や (ya)
    • Okinoerabu: は (wa)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)
    • Tokunoshima: や (ya)
    • Yoron: や (ya)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako: あ (a)
    • Yaeyama: あ (a)
    • Yonaguni: や (ya), あ (a)

Etymology 2

Possibly also related to *pa (“tooth; blade”), but the pitch accents do not match. For semantics, compare English blade.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pâ/

Accent class 1.2.

Noun

*pa

1. leaf

Descendants

• Old Japanese: 葉 (pa)
  • Japanese: 葉 (ha)
• Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai:

      Aden: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Araki: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)

      Kamikatetsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)

      Nakasato: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)

      Onotsu: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)

      Sakamine: 葉 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)

      Shiomichi: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Shitōke: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)

      Wan: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)

    • Kunigami:

      Hentona: 葉 (fā)

      Iejima: 葉 (phā)

      Nago: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)

      Nakijin: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)

      Sakimotobu: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)

    • Northern Amami Ōshima:

      Naze: 葉 (ha) (tone class AB)

      Yuwan: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

    • Okinawan:

      Naha: 葉 (fā)

      Shuri: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)

    • Okinoerabu:

      Kamishiro: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)

      Serikaku: 葉 (fā)

      Tetechina: 葉 (fā)

    • Southern Amami Ōshima:

      Koniya: 葉 (fā)

      Shodon: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)

    • Tokunoshima:

      Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

      Matsubara: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

      San: 葉 (ha) (tone class A)

    • Yoron: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako:

      Bora: 葉 (pā)

      Hirara: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Ikema: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)

      Irabu: 葉 (pā)

      Karimata: 葉 (pā)

      Kuninaka: 葉 (pā)

      Minna: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)

      Nobaru: 葉 (pā)

      Ōgami: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Ōura: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Sawada: 葉 (pā)

      Shimajiri: 葉 (pā)

      Tarama: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)

      Uechi: 葉 (pā)

    • Yaeyama:

      Hateruma: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)

      Hatoma: 葉 (pā)

      Ishigaki: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)

      Kohama: 葉 (pā)

      Kuroshima: 葉 (pā)

      Sonai: 葉 (pā)

      Taketomi: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)

    • Yonaguni: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

Etymology 3

Cognate with *pa (“blade”). Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pǎ/

Accent class 1.3.

Noun

*pa

1. tooth

Descendants

• Old Japanese: 歯 (pa)
  • Japanese: 歯 (ha)
• Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai:

      Aden: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Araki: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)

      Kamikatetsu: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)

      Nakasato: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)

      Onotsu: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)

      Sakamine: 歯 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)

      Shiomichi: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Shitōke: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)

      Wan: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)

    • Kunigami:

      Nakijin: 歯 (phā) (tone class B)

    • Northern Amami Ōshima:

      Naze: 歯 (ha) (tone class AB)

      Yuwan: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

    • Okinawan:

      Naha: 歯 (hā)

      Shuri: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

    • Okinoerabu:

      Ashikiyora: 歯 (fā)

      Kamihirakawa: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)

      Kamishiro: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)

      Kunigami: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)

      Tamina: 歯 (fā)

      Wadomari: 歯 (fā)

    • Southern Amami Ōshima:

      Shodon: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)

    • Tokunoshima:

      Asama: 歯 (hā)

      Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)

    • Yoron: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako:

      Bora: 歯 (pā)

      Hirara: 歯 (pā)

      Ikema: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

      Irabu: 歯 (pā)

      Karimata: 歯 (pā)

      Kugai: 歯 (pā)

      Kurima: 歯 (pā)

      Minna: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)

      Nobaru: 歯 (pā)

      Ōgami: 歯 (pā)

      Ōura: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)

      Sarahama: 歯 (hā)

      Shimajiri: 歯 (pā)

      Tarama: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)

      Uechi: 歯 (pā)

      Uruka: 歯 (pā)

      Yonaha: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)

    • Yaeyama:

      Hatoma: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)

      Ishigaki: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)

    • Yonaguni: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

Etymology 4

Cognate with *pa (“tooth”). Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pǎ/

Accent class 1.3.

Noun

*pa

1. blade

Descendants

• Old Japanese: 刃 (pa)
  • Japanese: 刃 (ha)