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Appendix:Mandaic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Mandaic, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Neo-Mandaic
Mandɔyí
1 I ana [ˈæːnɔ]
2 you (singular) at [ɔt]
3 he, she, it hui [ˈhuwi]
4 we ani [ˈæni]
5 you (plural) atan [ˈætton]
6 they huni [ˈhonni]
7 this auha [ˈɔːhɔ]
8 that aku [ˈaχu]
9 here hna [ɛhˈnɔː]
10 there akak [ɛkˈkaχ]
11 who man [mæn]
12 what mia [mu]
13 where alia [ˈɛljɔ]
14 when hamdu [ˈhɛmdɔ]
15 how kmu [ˈkæmmɔ]
16 not lu [lu]
17 all gaš [gɛʃ]
18 many ginza [ˈgɛnzɔ]
19 some parz [ˈpɛɹzi]
20 few parzi [ˈpɛɹzi]
21 other hurina [hoˈriːnɔ]
22 one ahda [ˈɛhdɔ]
23 two trin [trɛn]
24 three klata [ˈklɔːθɔ]
25 four arbu [ˈaɹbɔ]
26 five hamša [ˈhæmʃɔ]
27 big rabu [ˈræbbɔ]
28 long arik [əˈriːχɔ]
29 wide patia [ˈpæθjɔ]
30 thick smika [səˈmiːχɔ]
31 heavy kadira [kæˈdiːrɔ]
32 small hanin [hoˈniːnɔ]
33 short gṭan [gəˈtˁɔːnɔ]
34 narrow zalil [zæˈliːlɔ]
35 thin hapip [hæˈfif]
36 woman ata (ainša) [ˈɛθθɔ]
37 man (adult male) gabra [ˈgævrɔ]
38 man (human being) barnaša [baɹˈnɔːʃɔ]
39 child gihal [ˈʤiːhɛl]
40 wife ata [ˈɛθθɔ]
41 husband bla [ˈbɛllɔ]
42 mother ama [ˈɛmmɔ]
43 father baua [ˈbɔːwɔ]
44 animal uahši [ˈwæħʃi]
45 fish panida [foˈniːdɔ]
46 bird supra [ˈsˁoprɔ]
47 dog kalba [ˈkælbɔ]
48 louse qmulta [qəˈmolθɔ]
49 snake hauia [ˈhɛvjɔ]
50 worm tla [ˈtʌljɔ]
51 tree drakt / šagra [dəˈraχt]
52 forest [ʤænˈgɑl]
53 stick gasna [ˈʁʌsˁnɔ]
54 fruit miua [ˈmiːwɔ]
55 seed bazra [ˈbæzrɔ]
56 leaf pr [pæɹ]
57 root gazra [ˈʤæðrɔ]
58 bark (of a tree) mašk šagra [ˌmɛʃkˈʃɪʤrɔ]
59 flower gal / gul [gol]
60 grass hašiš [ħaˈʃiʃ]
61 rope mašua [ˈmæʃwɔ]
62 skin maška [ˈmɛʃkɔ]
63 meat basra [ˈbɛsrɔ]
64 blood dma / zama [dəˈmɒː]
65 bone garma [ˈgɛɹmɔ]
66 fat (noun) šamna [ˈʃæmnɔ]
67 egg baia [ˈbɛɪjɔ]
68 horn qarn [qæɹn]
69 tail dama [ˈdɛmmɔ]
70 feather gapu / gapa [ˈgæppɔ]
71 hair manza [ˈmænzɔ]
72 head riša [ˈriʃɔ]
73 ear adna / ana [ˈonnɔ]
74 eye aina [ˈiːnɔ]
75 nose nhira [nəˈhiːrɔ]
76 mouth pama [ˈpommɔ]
77 tooth šana [ˈʃɛnnɔ]
78 tongue (organ) lšan [lɛˈʃɔːnɔ]
79 fingernail
80 foot kraia [kəˈrɔːjɔ]
81 leg kraia / lagra [ˈloʁərɔ]
82 knee burka [ˈbʌɹkɔ]
83 hand aida [ˈiːdɔ]
84 wing gapa [ˈgæppɔ]
85 belly karṣa [ˈkaɹsɔ]
86 guts karsa [ˈkaɹsɔ]
87 neck paqata [foˈqʌttˁɔ]
88 back butar [ˈbɔːθaɹ]
89 breast
90 heart libu [ˈlɛbbɔ]
91 liver kabda [ˈkæbdɔ]
92 to drink št [ʃot]
93 to eat akal [χol]
94 to bite nakti [nəˈχot]
95 to suck šat [ʃot]
96 to spit araq [ˈarrɛq]
97 to vomit gha [gəˈhɔː]
98 to blow rahu ata [ˌrɛhhu ɛˈθɔː]
99 to breathe
100 to laugh ghak [gəˈhoχ]
101 to see hzi [həˈziː]
102 to hear ṣat [sˁot]
103 to know bašqir [ˈbaʃqɛɹ]
104 to think pakr auad [ˌfɛkrɛˈwod]
105 to smell arah [ˈærrɛ]
106 to fear dhalta [dəˈholtɔ]
107 to sleep gni [gəˈniː]
108 to live hian hauin [həˈjɔːnɔ]
109 to die mt [mɛθ]
110 to kill gṭal [gəˈtˁol]
111 to fight šr [ʃɛɹ əˈvod]
112 to hunt ṣaid [sˁaɪd]
113 to hit mhi [məˈhiː]
114 to cut pṣqi [ˈposqi]
115 to split palga [ˈpalʁɒ]
116 to stab mhi [məˈhiː]
117 to scratch huk [ˈhoːχɔ]
118 to dig hpr [həˈfoɹ]
119 to swim šnu [ʃəˌnɔ əˈvod]
120 to fly ahr azgu [ˌohhr̩ɛzˈgiː]
121 to walk duti [ˈdoːθi]
122 to come gni [gəˈniː]
123 to lie (as in a bed) ihm [jəˈhom]
124 to sit bgaṣ [bəˈʁosˁ]
125 to stand hadar [həˈdoɹ]
126 to turn (intransitive) npal [nəˈfol]
127 to fall phar [pəˈhoɹ]
128 to give ahau [əˈhov]
129 to hold lkuṭ [ləˈχotˁ]
130 to squeeze asra [ˈasˁra]
131 to rub parki [ˈpoɹχi]
132 to wash hauar [ˈhawwɛɹ]
133 to wipe
134 to pull tli [təˈliː]
135 to push hul aud [hol əˈvod]
136 to throw ṭuhi [ˈtˁaʊħi]
137 to tie uaiaq [ˈvaɪjɛq]
138 to sew huṭ [hotˁ]
139 to count mni [məˈniː]
140 to say amar [əˈmoɹ]
141 to sing zmr [zəˈmoɹ]
142 to play ṭalal [ˈtˁallɛl]
143 to float šanu [ʃɛˈnɔː]
144 to flow npaq [nəˈfoq]
145 to freeze gmad [ʤəˈmod]
146 to swell smar [sˁəmoɹ]
147 sun šamaš [ˈʃɔːmɛʃ]
148 moon sara [ˈsɛrrɔ]
149 star kakua [ˈkoχwɔ]
150 water mia / mina [ˈmiɛn̆ ɔ]
151 rain maṭra [ˈmatˁrɔ]
152 river nahra [ˈnæhrɔ]
153 lake iama [ˈjæmmɔ]
154 sea iama [ˈjæmmɔ]
155 salt mahla [ˈmɛhlɔ]
156 stone glal [gəˈlæltɔ]
157 sand hala [ˈhɔːlɔ]
158 dust gbar [ʁʌˈbɔɹ]
159 earth dašta [ˈdɛʃtɔ]
160 cloud aiua [ˈiːvɔ]
161 fog [ʕaˈʤɒʤ]
162 sky arqiha [rˈ̩qiːhɔ]
163 wind rahua [ˈrɛhwɔ]
164 snow talg nihat [talg nəˈhaθ]
165 ice talga [ˈtælgɔ]
166 smoke gatra [ˈgʌtˁrɔ]
167 fire nura [ˈnuːrɔ]
168 ash tauša / ṭauša [ˈtˁɑʊʃo]
169 to burn qla [qəˈliː]
170 road ahra [ˈohrɔ]
171 mountain ṭur [ˈtˁuːrɔ]
172 red ṣmaqa [səˈmɔːqɔ]
173 green iaraqa [jæˈroːqɔ]
174 yellow sapra [ˈsofrɔ]
175 white hbara [həˈwɔːrɔ]
176 black akumu [oˈkuːmɔ]
177 night lilia [ˈlɪljɔ]
178 day iuma [ˈjuːmɔ]
179 year šta [ˈʃɛttɔ]
180 warm hamim [hæˈmim]
181 cold msi [məˈsiː]
182 full mli [məˈliː]
183 new hata [ˈhæθθɔ]
184 old hatiqa [hæˈtiɛq̆ ɔ]
185 good ṣanii / ṣanua [sˁʌnaʕa]
186 bad bṭala [bəˈtˁɔːlɔ]
187 rotten sari [səˈriː]
188 dirty ṭaušana [tˁaʊˈʃɔːnɔ]
189 straight raṣ [rɔs]
190 round gird [giɹd]
191 sharp (as a knife) tiz [tiz]
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth nrm [ˈnaɹmɔ]
194 wet msamar [məˈsˁammaɹ]
195 dry ibuša [jæˈbuːʃɔ]
196 correct durust [doˈros]
197 near nazdik [næzˈdik]
198 far baiid [baˈʕid]
199 right iamin [jɛˈmiːnɔ]
200 left asmala [ˈsmɔːlɔ]
201 at qar [qɔɹ]
202 in gu [gɔʊ]
203 with ark [oɹk]
204 and u [wə]
205 if agr [ˈægæɹ]
206 because ka [kɛ]
207 name ašma [ˈɛʃmɔ]

References

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  • Häberl, Charles (2009) The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr‎[1], Otto Harrassowitz, →DOI
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