Appendix:Tregami Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Tregami, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]G = Gambir dialect
| № | English | Tregami edit (81) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | e (G) | /ˈe/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | tu (G) | /ˈt̪u/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | i, sa (G) | /ˈi/, /ˈsa/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | āva (G) | /aːˈβa/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | vi (G) | /ˈβi/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | edā (G) | /eˈd̪aː/ |
| 7 | this | i (G) | /ˈi/ |
| 8 | that | sa (G) | /ˈsa/ |
| 9 | here | ||
| 10 | there | ||
| 11 | who | ||
| 12 | what | ||
| 13 | where | ||
| 14 | when | ||
| 15 | how | ||
| 16 | not | ||
| 17 | all | sāstok (G) | /saːsˈt̪ok/ |
| 18 | many | ||
| 19 | some | ||
| 20 | few | ||
| 21 | other | ||
| 22 | one | yo (G) | /ˈjo/ |
| 23 | two | du (G) | /ˈd̪u/ |
| 24 | three | tre (G) | /ˈt̪ɾe/ |
| 25 | four | čātā (G) | /t͡ʃaːˈt̪aː/ |
| 26 | five | põč (G) | /ˈpõt͡ʃ/ |
| 27 | big | ||
| 28 | long | drigaṛälä (G) | /d̪ɾiɡaɽæˈl̪æ/ |
| 29 | wide | ||
| 30 | thick | ||
| 31 | heavy | ||
| 32 | small | ||
| 33 | short | ||
| 34 | narrow | ||
| 35 | thin | ||
| 36 | woman | dabili (G) | /d̪abiˈl̪i/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ||
| 38 | man (human being) | madaṣ (G) | /maˈd̪aʂ/ |
| 39 | child | ||
| 40 | wife | ||
| 41 | husband | ||
| 42 | mother | žey (G) | /ˈʑei̯/ |
| 43 | father | ||
| 44 | animal | ||
| 45 | fish | mäć (G) | /ˈmæt͡s/ |
| 46 | bird | ||
| 47 | dog | ćū̃ (G) | /ˈt͡sũː/ |
| 48 | louse | vu (G) | /ˈβu/ |
| 49 | snake | ||
| 50 | worm | ||
| 51 | tree | jalā (G) | /d͡ʑaˈl̪aː/ |
| 52 | forest | ||
| 53 | stick | ||
| 54 | fruit | ||
| 55 | seed | ||
| 56 | leaf | påṭ (G) | /ˈpɒʈ/ |
| 57 | root | ||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ||
| 59 | flower | ||
| 60 | grass | ||
| 61 | rope | ||
| 62 | skin | ||
| 63 | meat | anda (G) | /an̪ˈd̪a/ |
| 64 | blood | luy (G) | /ˈl̪ui̯/ |
| 65 | bone | ḍẓaw (G) | /ˈɖ͡ʐau̯/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sika (G) | /siˈka/ |
| 67 | egg | aṭi (G) | /aˈʈi/ |
| 68 | horn | ṣiṅ (G) | /ˈʂiŋ/ |
| 69 | tail | dumuṭ (G) | /d̪uˈmuʈ/ |
| 70 | feather | ||
| 71 | hair | kẽć (G) | /ˈkẽt͡s/ |
| 72 | head | ṣey (G) | /ˈʂei̯/ |
| 73 | ear | kär (G) | /ˈkæɾ/ |
| 74 | eye | ac̣ĩ (G) | /aˈʈ͡ʂĩ/ |
| 75 | nose | nās (G) | /ˈn̪aːs/ |
| 76 | mouth | āš (G) | /ˈaːɕ/ |
| 77 | tooth | dũt (G) | /ˈd̪ũt̪/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | jip (G) | /ˈd͡ʑip/ |
| 79 | fingernail | nūveča (G) | /n̪uːβeˈt͡ɕa/ |
| 80 | foot | kur (G) | /ˈkuɾ/ |
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | dräṅā (G) | /d̪ɾæˈŋaː/ |
| 83 | hand | döš (G) | /ˈd̪øɕ/ |
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | ṣā̃ (G) | /ˈʂãː/ |
| 86 | guts | ||
| 87 | neck | mūdä (G) | /muːˈd̪æ/ |
| 88 | back | ||
| 89 | breast | ||
| 90 | heart | źo (G) | /ˈd͡zo/ |
| 91 | liver | jaṛūna (G) | /d͡ʑaɽuːˈn̪a/ |
| 92 | to drink | ||
| 93 | to eat | ž- (G) | /ˈʑ/ |
| 94 | to bite | ||
| 95 | to suck | ||
| 96 | to spit | ||
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | ||
| 101 | to see | jẽ- (G) | /ˈd͡ʑẽ/ |
| 102 | to hear | sūr- (G) | /ˈsuːɾ/ |
| 103 | to know | ||
| 104 | to think | ||
| 105 | to smell | ||
| 106 | to fear | ||
| 107 | to sleep | ||
| 108 | to live | ||
| 109 | to die | ||
| 110 | to kill | jňe- (G) | /ˈd͡ʑɹ̃e/ |
| 111 | to fight | ||
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | ||
| 114 | to cut | ||
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | ||
| 119 | to swim | ||
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | e- (G) | /ˈe/ |
| 122 | to come | e- (G) | /ˈe/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ||
| 124 | to sit | niš- (G) | /ˈn̪iɕ/ |
| 125 | to stand | ||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | ||
| 128 | to give | pr- (G) | /ˈpɾ/ |
| 129 | to hold | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ||
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | ||
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | ||
| 135 | to push | ||
| 136 | to throw | ||
| 137 | to tie | ||
| 138 | to sew | ||
| 139 | to count | ||
| 140 | to say | ||
| 141 | to sing | ||
| 142 | to play | ||
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | sä̃ (G) | /ˈsæ̃/ |
| 148 | moon | mās (G) | /ˈmaːs/ |
| 149 | star | tāra (G) | /t̪aːˈɾa/ |
| 150 | water | āw (G) | /ˈaːu̯/ |
| 151 | rain | veṣiṅ (G) | /βeˈʂiŋ/ |
| 152 | river | ||
| 153 | lake | ||
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | ||
| 156 | stone | vāṭ (G) | /ˈβaːʈ/ |
| 157 | sand | šew (G) | /ˈɕeu̯/ |
| 158 | dust | ||
| 159 | earth | gåc̣ (G) | /ˈɡɒʈ͡ʂ/ |
| 160 | cloud | myär (G) | /ˈmjæɾ/ |
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | dilu (G) | /d̪iˈl̪u/ |
| 163 | wind | bās (G) | /ˈbaːs/ |
| 164 | snow | źim (G) | /ˈd͡zim/ |
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | dum (G) | /ˈd̪um/ |
| 167 | fire | aṅā (G) | /aˈŋaː/ |
| 168 | ash | āså (G) | /aːˈsɒ/ |
| 169 | to burn | ||
| 170 | road | põt (G) | /ˈpõt̪/ |
| 171 | mountain | dā (G) | /ˈd̪aː/ |
| 172 | red | ḍẓatå (G) | /ɖ͡ʐaˈt̪ɒ/ |
| 173 | green | palašå (G) | /pal̪aˈɕɒ/ |
| 174 | yellow | aridå (G) | /aɾiˈd̪ɒ/ |
| 175 | white | kašira (G) | /keɕeˈɾa/ |
| 176 | black | kāčå (G) | /kaːˈt͡ɕɒ/ |
| 177 | night | ḍẓātr (G) | /ˈɖ͡ʐaːt̪ɾ/ |
| 178 | day | vās (G) | /ˈβaːs/ |
| 179 | year | ||
| 180 | warm | ||
| 181 | cold | ||
| 182 | full | ||
| 183 | new | ||
| 184 | old | ||
| 185 | good | ||
| 186 | bad | ||
| 187 | rotten | ||
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | ||
| 190 | round | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | ||
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | ||
| 196 | correct | mul (G) | /ˈmul̪/ |
| 197 | near | ||
| 198 | far | sudu (G) | /suˈd̪u/ |
| 199 | right | mul döš (G) | /ˈmul̪ d̪øɕ/ |
| 200 | left | ||
| 201 | at | ||
| 202 | in | ||
| 203 | with | ||
| 204 | and | ||
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name |