Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/himil

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly:

from Proto-Germanic *himinaz with nasal dissimilation,^[1] perhaps under the influence of *sōwul ~ *sunnā (“sun”),^[2]
from an older heteroclitic l/n-stem alongside Proto-Germanic *himinaz,^[3]
cognate with Proto-Germanic *himinaz derived from a separate suffix.^[4]

Assuming a nasal dissimilation of Proto-Germanic *hemnaz to *hebnaz, doublet with *hebun.^[5]

Noun

*himil m^[6]

sky
Synonyms: *hebun, *luftu
heaven
Synonym: *hebun

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*himil
Genitive	*himilas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*himil	himilō, himilōs
Accusative	*himil	*himilā
Genitive	*himilas	*himilō
Dative	*himilē	*himilum
Instrumental	*himilu	*himilum

Derived terms

*himilittjan
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *himiliti

Descendants

Old Frisian: himel, himul
- Saterland Frisian: Heemel
- West Frisian: himel
Old Saxon: himil
- Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
  - German Low German:
    Ostfriesisch (East Frisian Low Saxon): Hemel, Himmel
    Westphalian:
    Dortmundisch: Hiəmel
    Lippisch, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Hemmel
    Sauerländisch: Hiemel, Heämel (Wenden)
    Westmünsterländisch: Himmel
  - Plautdietsch: Himmel
  - → Norwegian: himmel
  - → Old Swedish: himil
    - Swedish: himmel
      - → Finnish: himmeli
  - → Old Danish: *himæl
    - Danish: himmel
  - → Gutnish: himmel
Old Dutch: himil
- Middle Dutch: hēmel
  - Dutch: hemel
    - Afrikaans: hemel
  - Limburgish: hieëmel
Old High German: himil
- Middle High German: himel, hemel
  - Swabian: Hemmel, Hemml, Himml
  - Bavarian: Himmi, Himml
    - Cimbrian: hümmel, hümbl (Luserna)
  - Central Franconian: Himmel, Hemmel
    - Hunsrik: Himmel
    - Luxembourgish: Himmel
    - Transylvanian Saxon: Hemmel
  - German: Himmel
  - Rhine Franconian: Himmel
    - Pennsylvania German: Himmel
  - Yiddish: הימל (himl)

References

^ Braune, W. (1891) Althochdeutsche Grammatik, Halle, page 94
^ Wachter, R. (1997) “Das indogermanische Wort fiir 'Sonne' und die angebliche Gruppe der l/n-Heteroklitika”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 110, page 18
^ Pedersen, H. (1893) “Rn Stamme”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 2, page 145
^ Vries (1992) (Please provide the book title or journal name)
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. k̂em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 556-557
^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 272: “PWGmc *himil”

[1] Braune, W. (1891) Althochdeutsche Grammatik, Halle, page 94

[2] Wachter, R. (1997) “Das indogermanische Wort fiir 'Sonne' und die angebliche Gruppe der l/n-Heteroklitika”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 110, page 18

[3] Pedersen, H. (1893) “Rn Stamme”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 2, page 145

[4] Vries (1992) (Please provide the book title or journal name)

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. k̂em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 556-557

[6] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 272: “PWGmc *himil”

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