stan

See also: Stan, stań, śtan, stán, ştan, -stan, stan', and -стан

English

Etymology 1

From Stan (“Stanley”), after the song "Stan" by Eminem (2000), a fictitious account of the rapper's encounter with an overly obsessive fan named Stan. Sometimes assumed to be a blend of stalker +‎ fan, but perhaps simply chosen for the rhyme.

Alternative forms

• Stan

Pronunciation

• (UK, Canada, US) IPA^(key): /stæn/
• enPR: stăn
• Rhymes: -æn

• Audio (General Australian):

  (file)

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

Noun

stan (plural stans)

2. (Internet slang, sometimes derogatory) An extremely obsessive fan of a person, group, character, or creative work, particularly one whose fixation is unhealthy or intrusive.

   Hypernyms: megafan, superfan, otaku, trash, trufan, uberfan; fan, follower; see also Thesaurus:fan

   Hyponym: sasaeng (K-pop fandom)

   IU stan

   K-pop stan

   Dream stan

   • 2011 October 11, Vanessa Spates, “Whether in Britney's Army or Rihanna's Navy, stans need to surrender to sanity”, in The Lantern, volume 132, number 16, Ohio State University, page 9A:

     I know the in-depth detailed life of a stan because I am one. I'm one of those Lady Gaga fans, […]

   • 2013 March 17, “Selena Gomez: She Is My Queen”, in Sunday Tribune, South Africa:

     I am the biggest stan for Selena because she is my queen. She made Disney interesting and I have always watched her.

   • 2013 December 5, Jake Folsom, “Stans take dedication to extreme heights online, in real life”, in Washington Square News, volume 41, number 104, page 11:

     Incidents have occurred with stans showing up to pop stars' residences, as has happened with Madonna, Taylor Swift and others.

   • 2020 June 21, “TikTok Teens and K-Pop Stans Say They Sank Trump Rally”, in The New York Times‎^[3]:

     K-pop stans have been getting increasingly involved in American politics in recent months. After the Trump campaign solicited messages for the president’s birthday on June 8, K-pop stans submitted a stream of prank messages.

   • 2022 April 29, Ezra Marcus, “Johnny Depp Case Brings Stan Culture Into the Courtroom”, in The New York Times‎^[4], →ISSN:

     “Stans will literally go to any extent to defend anyone,” he said of Mr. Depp’s supporters, adding: “Amber Heard, she has not got that fan base.”

Derived terms

• Stan Twitter
• stantwt

Verb

stan (third-person singular simple present stans, present participle stanning, simple past and past participle stanned)

2. (slang, transitive, intransitive) To act as a stan (for); to be an obsessive fan (of).

   We stan a queen.

   • For quotations using this term, see Citations:stan.

Translations

to be an obsessive fan (of)

• Russian: стэнить (stä:nit')
• Spanish: estanear, stanear

Etymology 2

Back-formation from -stan.

Alternative forms

• Stan, 'Stan, 'stan, -stan, -Stan

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /stɑːn/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• (US) IPA^(key): /stæn/
• enPR: stän

Noun

stan (plural stans)

1. One of the stans; any of the ex-Soviet countries and their neighbours whose name ends with "-stan" such as Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan.
   • 2015 July 30, Jules Boykoff, “Beijing and Almaty contest Winter Olympics in human rights nightmare”, in The Guardian‎^[5]:

     This is a stan with a plan. Unlike Uzbekistan […] .

Further reading

• "Stan" fans on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Stan Twitter on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• Tans, nats, ants, ASNT, tans, Nats, Tsan, NATs, NTAs, Sant, Nast

Albanian

FWOTD – 4 February 2024

Etymology

Borrowed from South Slavic, from Proto-Slavic *stanъ (“camp”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstan/

Noun

stan m (plural stane, definite stani)

1. place with huts and pens for shepherds and cattle; shed, fold, barn; hut, shelter

   Synonyms: tëbanë, bun

   • 1910–1947, “Kur më vjen burri nga stani”, Lasgush Poradeci (lyrics), Kristo Kono (music), performed by Tefta Tashko:

     Kur më vjen burri nga stani // kur më vjen ×3 // fërr-fërr-fërr më bën fustani // fërr-fërr-fërr ×3

     When my husband comes from the barn furr-furr-furr my dress flies.

2. flock of sheep

   Synonyms: kope, grigjë

3. (derogatory) hostile group, gang, unit

   Synonyms: grup, kamp

Declension

Declension of stan

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	stan	stani	stane	stanet
accusative		stanin
dative	stani	stanit	staneve	staneve
ablative			stanesh

Derived terms

• stanar
• stanoj
• stanore

 

Further reading

• “stan”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
• “stan”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[6] (in Albanian), 1980, page 1787
• Mann, S. E. (1948) “stan”, in An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 460a

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech stan, from Proto-Slavic *stanъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈstan]
• Rhymes: -an

Noun

stan m inan

1. tent

Declension

Declension of stan (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	stan	stany
genitive	stanu	stanů
dative	stanu	stanům
accusative	stan	stany
vocative	stane	stany
locative	stanu	stanech
instrumental	stanem	stany

Derived terms

• stanovat
• stanoviště
• stanovit
• stanovy
• stánek
• ustanovení
• ustanovit

 

Further reading

• “stan”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “stan”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “stan”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

Middle English

Noun

stan (plural stanes or stan)

1. Alternative form of stone

Middle High German

Alternative forms

• stēn

Etymology

Inherited from Old High German stān, stēn, from Proto-West Germanic *stān.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (before 13^th CE) /ˈs̠taːn/

Verb

stān (irregular, third-person singular present stāt, past tense stuont, past participle gestān or gestanden, past subjunctive stüende, auxiliary hān)

1. to stand

Conjugation

Conjugation of stān (irregular, auxiliary hān)

infinitive		stān
genitive gerund		stānnes stānes
dative gerund		stānne stāne
present participle		stānde
past participle		gestān gestanden
auxiliary		hān
	indicative			subjunctive
	singular	plural		singular	plural
present	ich stān	wir stān	i	ich stē	wir stēn
	du stāst	ir stāt		du stēst	ir stēt
	ër stāt	sie stānt		ër stē	sie stēn
preterite	ich stuont	wir stuonden	ii	ich stüende	wir stüenden
	du stüende	ir stuondet		du stüendest	ir stüendet
	ër stuont	sie stuonden		ër stüende	sie stüenden
imperative	stā (du)	stāt (ir)

Composed forms of stān (irregular, auxiliary hān)

perfect
	singular	plural		singular	plural
indicative	ich hān gestān ich hān gestanden	wir hān gestān wir hān gestanden	subjunctive	ich habe gestān ich habe gestanden	wir haben gestān wir haben gestanden
	du hāst gestān du hāst gestanden	ir hāt gestān ir hāt gestanden		du habest gestān du habest gestanden	ir habet gestān ir habet gestanden
	ër hāt gestān ër hāt gestanden	sie hānt gestān sie hānt gestanden		ër habe gestān ër habe gestanden	sie haben gestān sie haben gestanden
pluperfect
indicative	ich habete gestān ich habete gestanden	wir habeten gestān wir habeten gestanden	subjunctive	ich habete gestān ich habete gestanden	wir habeten gestān wir habeten gestanden
	du habetest gestān du habetest gestanden	ir habetet gestān ir habetet gestanden		du habetest gestān du habetest gestanden	ir habetet gestān ir habetet gestanden
	ër habete gestān ër habete gestanden	sie habeten gestān sie habeten gestanden		ër habete gestān ër habete gestanden	sie habeten gestān sie habeten gestanden
future i
infinitive	stān süln		subjunctive i	ich sul stān	wir suln stān
				du sule stān	ir sulet stān
				ër sul stān	sie suln stān
indicative	ich sol stān	wir sulen stān	subjunctive ii	ich sölte stān ich sölde stān	wir sölten stān wir sölden stān
	du solt stān	ir sulet stān		du söltest stān du söldest stān	ir söltet stān ir söldet stān
	ër sol stān	sie sulen stān		ër sölte stān ër sölde stān	sie sölten stān sie sölden stān
future ii
infinitive	gestān hān süln gestanden hān süln		subjunctive i	ich sul gestān hān ich sul gestanden hān	wir suln gestān hān wir suln gestanden hān
				du sule gestān hān du sule gestanden hān	ir sulet gestān hān ir sulet gestanden hān
				ër sul gestān hān ër sul gestanden hān	sie suln gestān hān sie suln gestanden hān
indicative	ich sol gestān hān ich sol gestanden hān	wir sulen gestān hān wir sulen gestanden hān	subjunctive ii	ich sölte gestān hān ich sölte gestanden hān ich sölde gestān hān ich sölde gestanden hān	wir sölten gestān hān wir sölten gestanden hān wir sölden gestān hān wir sölden gestanden hān
	du solt gestān hān du solt gestanden hān	ir sulet gestān hān ir sulet gestanden hān		du söltest gestān hān du söltest gestanden hān du söldest gestān hān du söldest gestanden hān	ir söltet gestān hān ir söltet gestanden hān ir söldet gestān hān ir söldet gestanden hān
	ër sol gestān hān ër sol gestanden hān	sie sulen gestān hān sie sulen gestanden hān		ër sölte gestān hān ër sölte gestanden hān ër sölde gestān hān ër sölde gestanden hān	sie sölten gestān hān sie sölten gestanden hān sie sölden gestān hān sie sölden gestanden hān

Descendants

• Alemannic German: staa, schtaa
• Bavarian:

  Cimbrian: stean

  Mòcheno: stean

  Northern Bavarian: [ʒ̊d̥ɛi]

• Central Franconian: stohn, stonn, stiehn

  Hunsrik: stehn

  Luxembourgish: stoen

• German: stehen
• Rhine Franconian: stehn

  Pennsylvania German:

• Vilamovian: śtejn
• Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stanъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈstan/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈstan/

Noun

stan m inan

1. tent
2. (in the plural) camp; tabernacle
3. inside of the heart
4. interior

Declension

Declension of stan (u-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	stan	stany	stanové, stani
genitive	stanu	stanú	stanóv
dative	stanovi, stanu	stanoma	stanóm
accusative	stan	stany	stany
vocative	stane	stany	stanové, stani
locative	stanu	stanú	staniech
instrumental	stanem	stanoma	stany

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Descendants

• Czech: stan

References

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “stan”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *stān, from Proto-Germanic *stāną.

Verb

stān

1. To stand.

Conjugation

Conjugation of stān (strong class 6 irregular, suppletive)

infinitive	stān
indicative	present	past
1st person singular	stā, stān	stunt
2nd person singular	stēs, stēst	stundi, stundis
3rd person singular	stēt	stunt
1st person plural	stān	stundun
2nd person plural	stāt	stundut
3rd person plural	stānt	stundun
subjunctive	present	past
1st person singular	stā	stundi
2nd person singular	stās, stāst	stundi, stundis
3rd person singular	stā	stundi
1st person plural	stān	stundin
2nd person plural	stāt	stundit
3rd person plural	stān	stundin
imperative	present
singular	stā
plural	stāt
participle	present	past
	stāndi	gistān, gistandan

Derived terms

• antstān
• bistān
• farstān

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: stâen
  • Dutch: staan
    • Afrikaans: staan
    • Berbice Creole Dutch: tan
    • Jersey Dutch: stân
    • Negerhollands: staan, tan
    • → Biak: vestan
  • Limburgish: staon

Further reading

• “stān”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂no-, *stih₂-no- (a suffixed form of *steyh₂- (“to be solid, to crowd together”)).

Cognate with Old Frisian stēn, Old Saxon stēn (German Low German Steen), Old Dutch sten, stein (Dutch steen), Old High German stein (German Stein), Old Norse steinn (Icelandic steinn, Faroese steinur, Norwegian Nynorsk stein, Norwegian Bokmål stein, sten, Danish sten, Swedish sten), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”), Proto-Slavic *stěnà (Bulgarian стена (stena), Russian стена́ (stená), Czech stěna (“wall”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /stɑːn/

Noun

stān m

1. stone

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	stān	stānas
accusative	stān	stānas
genitive	stānes	stāna
dative	stāne	stānum

Derived terms

• Æþelstān
• byrþenstān (“mill-stone”)
• ċealcstān (“chalk-stone”)
• ċeosolstān (“sandstone, gravel”)
• cweornstān (“quernstone”)
• cynningstān (“trying-stone, die”)
• eorcnanstān (“precious-stone”)
• flōrstān (“floor-stone, pavement”)
• fōtstān (“foot-stone, pedastal”)
• fȳrstān (“firestone, flint”)
• ġicelstān (“piece of ice, hailstone”)
• ġimstān (“gemstone”)
• grundstān (“groundstone, cornerstone, foundation”)
• hagolstān (“hailstone”)
• hrōfstān (“roof-stone”)
• hwamstān (“cornerstone, foundation”)
• hwetstān (“whetstone”)
• Lēofstān
• mǣrstān (“mere-stone, boundary-mark”)
• marmstān (“marble”)
• mylenstān (“millstone”)
• sincstān (“jewel”)
• spærstān (“gypsum, chalk”)
• stānbeorg (“stone-hill”)
• stānbill (“stoneworking tool”)
• stānbucca (“mountain goat”)
• stānclif (“cliff, rock”)
• stānclūd (“rock”)
• stāncnoll (“rock summit, peak”)
• stāncropp (“stonecrop”)
• stāncynn (“a kind of stone”)
• stānfæt (“stone vessel”)
• stānfāh (“decorated with stones”)
• stānġiella (“stone-yeller, pelican”)
• stānhīewet (“stone quarry”)
• stānhliþ (“rocky slope”)
• stāniġ (“stony, rocky”)
• stānlīm (“cement, mortar”)
• stānmereċe (“parsley”)
• stānweall (“stonewall”)
• stānweġ (“stoneway, stone path, pavement”)
• stānweorc (“stonework”)
• stānweorþung (“worship of stones”)
• stānwyrhta (“stone-wright”)
• tæflstān (“die, game pawn”)
• tigelstān (“tilestone”)
• Wulfstān

 

Related terms

• stǣnen
• stǣner

Descendants

• Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
  • English: stone (see there for further descendants)
  • Geordie English: styen
  • Scots: stane
  • Yola: sthoan
  • → Anglo-Norman: ston

Old High German

Alternative forms

• stēn — see there for more

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *stān.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s̠taːn/

Verb

stān

1. to stand

Usage notes

• The ā-form was found especially in Alemannic and in western Franconian. In the former, the vocalism was regularized early on (du stās, er stāt); in the latter, the West Germanic vowel alternation (du steis, he steit) has been preserved even to this day.

Descendants

• Middle High German: stān, stēn
  • Alemannic German: staa, schtaa
  • Bavarian:

    Cimbrian: stean

    Mòcheno: stean

    Northern Bavarian: [ʒ̊d̥ɛi]

  • Central Franconian: stohn, stonn, stiehn

    Hunsrik: stehn

    Luxembourgish: stoen

  • German: stehen
  • Rhine Franconian: stehn

    Pennsylvania German:

  • Vilamovian: śtejn
  • Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

See also

• gān

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stanъ. First attested in the 12th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /staːn/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /stɒn/

Noun

stan m inan (diminutive stanek, augmentative stanowisko or stanowiszcze, related adjective stanowy)

1. (attested in Masovia) duty to support a ruler and his court, officials or team during a trip around the country, imposed on the rural population, converted over time into a tribute in kind or a pecuniary fee
   • 1863 [1239], Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, editor, Kodeks dyplomatyczny księstwa mazowieckiego‎^[7], Masovia, page 12:

     Quod neque przewoz, neque stan ducale et exercitus... ab eisdem hominibuis dux terre... expetet

     [Quod neque przewoz, neque stan ducale et exercitus... ab eisdem hominibuis dux terre... expetet]

   • 1863 [1447], Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, editor, Kodeks dyplomatyczny księstwa mazowieckiego‎^[8], Masovia, page 213:

     Ab eisdem serviciis, videlicet portacione pabulorum al. pycza, a coquina, ac tentoriis et habitaculorum al. stany laboribus absoluimus et liberamus

     [Ab eisdem serviciis, videlicet portacione pabulorum al. picia, a coquina, ac tentoriis et habitaculorum al. stany laboribus absoluimus et liberamus]

2. stopping, halting
   • 1856-1870 [1497], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki‎^[9], volume VII, number 70:

     Quia nobilis Martinus... liberum misit nobilem Bernardum... a iuramento pro eo, quia ipsum reconvenit, quia ipse misit familiam suam in viam in stationibus al. w stanyech et qui vulneraverunt ipsum Martinum

     [Quia nobilis Martinus... liberum misit nobilem Bernardum... a iuramento pro eo, quia ipsum reconvenit, quia ipse misit familiam suam in viam in stationibus al. w staniech et qui vulneraverunt ipsum Martinum]

3. (attested in Masovia) place of stopping or halting
   • 1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 21:

     Wstawyami, aby ryczerz... pod pewną podnyeszoną chorangwyą na yey stanye (cum sua statione) staal

     [Ustawiamy, aby rycerz... pod pewną podniesioną chorągwią na jej stanie (cum sua statione) stał]

4. (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) natural or artificial dwelling; temporary shelter, especially a tent
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^[10], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 17, 13:

     W okrødze iego stan (tabernaculum) iego

     [W okrędze jego stan (tabernaculum) jego]

   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^[11], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 59, 6:

     Nyzinø stanow (convallem tabernaculorum) rozmerzø

     [Nizinę stanow (convallem tabernaculorum) rozmierzę]

   • 1974 [1410], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kaliskie‎^[12], volume IV, number 315, Kalisz:

     Jaco Janusz ne beszal gwaltem na Stanislaw[ow] stan ani mu ran dal

     [Jako Janusz nie bieżał gwałtem na Stanisław[ow] stan ani mu ran dał]

5. place to stand; position
   • 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎^[13], 7, 16:

     A ktore gest weszlo samyecz a samycza wszelkyego stworzenya, to gest kaszde w gego stan wwyodl, yakosz mu (sc. Noemu) to bil bog przikazal

     [A ktore jest weszło samiec a samica wszelkiego stworzenia, to jest każde w jego stan wwiodł, jakoż mu (sc. Noemu) to był Bog przykazał]

6. (in the plural, sometimes military, attested in Lesser Poland) encampment, (area of the camp)
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^[14], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 105, 17:

     Rozgnyewaly... Moyszesza w stanyech (in castris)

     [Rozgniewali... Mojiżesza w staniech (in castris)]

7. hunting lodge
   • 1921 [1471], Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editor, Procesy twórcze formowania się społeczeństwa polskiego w wiekach średnich‎^[15], page 197:

     Jako Rawa... w xanzeyi pusczyey podle swogych stanow w szwem sznamyenyv syeczy any stampycz na swyerz nye *stawyam

     [Jako Rawa... w księżej puszczej podle swojich stanow w swem znamieniu sieci ani stępic na źwierz nie stawia[m]]

8. storage building; granary
   • 1856-1870 [1497], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki‎^[16], volume VII, number 6:

     Qui Albertus et Iacobus non venerunt, neque ipsam solutionem... fecerunt et domini iudicio praesidentes.. decreverunt ipsi nobili Ioni Boyanszki et iudicio domini palatini pignus de ipsius reposito al. sztanu et dederunt ac decreverunt sibi ministerialem ad expignorandum

     [Qui Albertus et Iacobus non venerunt, neque ipsam solutionem... fecerunt et domini iudicio praesidentes.. decreverunt ipsi nobili Joni Bojański et iudicio domini palatini pignus de ipsius reposito al. stanu et dederunt ac decreverunt sibi ministerialem ad expignorandum]

9. circle, circumference, region
   • 1880-1894 [Middle of the fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności‎^[17], volume V, page 253:

     Et ita fuit descriptum, quot homines erant in civitatibus, quot ciuitates in regione, w kalsdem gbycze, stanye, et quot regiones in orbe stanow bylo na szwyecze

     [Et ita fuit descriptum, quot homines erant in civitatibus, quot ciuitates in regione, w kalżdem gbicie, stanie, et quot regiones in orbe stanow było na świecie]

10. (attested in Pomerania, Greater Poland) armed host of angel
    • 1874-1891 [Fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎^{[18], [19], [20]}, volume XXIV, Grochów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kcynia, page 69:

      Inter quos (sc. angelos)... principem milicie, stanu, constituerat, sc. Luciferum

      [Inter quos (sc. angelos)... principem milicie, stanu, constituerat, sc. Luciferum]

11. state (set of circumstances applying at any given time)
    • 1461–1467, Sermones. Rękopiśmienne ekscerpty pochodzące z rkpsu Archiwum i Biblioteki Krakowskiej Kapituły Katedralnej o sygn. 230 (dawna sygn. 1421/108 Mns) z roku 1461-1467, page 91v:

      Mutatur a presentis statu, [od] sta[nu] nineszego, dileccionis ad carenciam diuine uisionis [ku p]ostradanyv [wi]dzena bozego

      [Mutatur a presentis statu, [od] sta[nu] ninieszego, dileccionis ad carenciam diuine uisionis [ku p]ostradaniu [wi]dzenia bożego]

Derived terms

nouns

• Dniowie Stanow
• stan ślubu
• stanica
• stanowe

 

Related terms

verbs

• stać impf

 

Descendants

• Polish: stan
• Silesian: stōn

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “stan”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “stan”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• standan

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *stān, from Proto-Germanic *stāną.

Verb

stān

1. To stand.

Conjugation

Conjugation of stān (irregular)

infinitive	stān
indicative	present	past
1st person singular	*stā	stōd
2nd person singular	stēs	stōdi
3rd person singular	stēd	stōd
plural	stād	stōdun
subjunctive	present	past
1st person singular	*stāe	stōdi
2nd person singular	*stāes	stōdis
3rd person singular	*stāe	stōdi
plural	*stāen	stōdin
imperative	present
singular	stā
plural	stād
participle	present	past
	stāndi	gistandan, standan

Descendants

• Middle Low German: stān
  • German Low German: stahn

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈstan/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /stɒn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: stan

Noun

stan m inan (abbreviation st.)

2. state (a condition; a set of circumstances applying at any given time)

   Synonym: kondycja

4. (politics) state (political division of a federation retaining a notable degree of autonomy, as in the United States, Mexico, Nigeria, or India)
5. (historical) state, echelon; caste; level (layer of society during the Middle Ages)
6. ring (group of people based on their profession or social function)
7. (literary, anatomy) waist (the part of the body between the pelvis and the stomach)

   Synonym: talia

8. (literary) waist (a part of a piece of clothing that covers the waist)
9. (dated, anatomy) upper body
10. clothing for the upper body (Is there an English equivalent to this definition?)
11. part of clothing worn on the lower body between the crotch and belt (Is there an English equivalent to this definition?)
13. (obsolete) state (sovereign polity)
14. shape, form

    Synonyms: forma, postać

15. state, mood

    Synonyms: nastrój, usposobienie

16. (obsolete) number, amount

    Synonyms: ilość, liczba

17. (Middle Polish, now historical) obligation to provide room and board during the journey of the ruler and his retinue, later changed into an annual monetary tribute

    Synonym: stacja

18. (obsolete) four cubits of linen
19. (obsolete) profession

    Synonym: zawód

20. (obsolete) bra, small corset

    Synonyms: stanik, gorsecik

21. (obsolete, bureaucracy) document containing the office hours and location of a given official
22. (obsolete, beekeeping) beekeeper's shelter in the woods
23. (obsolete) flowerpot

    Synonyms: donica, wazon

24. (obsolete) four wheels

Declension

Declension of stan

	singular	plural
nominative	stan	stany
genitive	stanu	stanów
dative	stanowi	stanom
accusative	stan	stany
instrumental	stanem	stanami
locative	stanie	stanach
vocative	stanie	stany

Derived terms

adjective

• stanowy

 

adverbs

• na stanie
• ponad stan

 

nouns

• błogostan
• Departament Stanu
• kwiatostan
• mąż stanu
• owocostan
• podsekretarz stanu
• pustostan
• racja stanu
• sekretarz stanu
• stan alfa
• stan beta
• stan błogosławiony
• stan cywilny
• stan podgorączkowy
• stan posiadania
• stan rzeczy
• stan skupienia
• stan spoczynku
• stan surowy
• stan surowy otwarty
• stan surowy zamknięty
• stan średni
• stan trzeci
• stan wody
• stan wojenny
• stan wolny
• stan wyjątkowy
• stan wyższej konieczności
• stanu wolnego
• Trybunał Stanu
• więzień stanu
• zamach stanu
• zdrada stanu

 

verbs

• być w stanie impf
• postawić w stan pf, stawiać w stan impf

 

Related terms

verbs

• stać impf

 

Further reading

• stan in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• stan in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “stan”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “STAN”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2009 February 17
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “stan”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “stan”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1915), “stan”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 6, Warsaw, page 387
• stan in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
• Wanda Decyk-Zięba, editor (2018-2022), “stan”, in Dydaktyczny Słownik Etymologiczno-historyczny Języka Polskiego [A Didactic, Historical, Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), →ISBN

Romanian

Noun

stan n (plural stanuri)

1. Alternative form of stană

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	stan	stanul		stanuri	stanurile
genitive-dative	stan	stanului		stanuri	stanurilor
vocative	stanule			stanurilor

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stanъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /stâːn/
• Rhymes: -âːn

Noun

stȃn m (Cyrillic spelling ста̑н)

1. flat, apartment
2. loom (tkàlačkī stȃn)

Declension

Declension of stan

	singular	plural
nominative	stȃn	stȁnovi
genitive	stana	stanova
dative	stanu	stanovima
accusative	stan	stanove
vocative	stane	stanovi
locative	stanu	stanovima
instrumental	stanom	stanovima

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:stan.

Derived terms

• stàmbenī
• stànār
  • sȕstanār
    • sȕstanārka

References

• “stan”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stanъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstan/
• Rhymes: -an

Noun

stan m inan (genitive singular stanu, nominative plural stany, genitive plural stanov, declension pattern of dub)

1. tent
2. (slang) erection, hard-on

Declension

Declension of stan

	singular	plural
nominative	stan	stany
genitive	stanu	stanov
dative	stanu	stanom
accusative	stan	stany
locative	stane	stanoch
instrumental	stanom	stanmi

Further reading

• “stan”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

Swedish

Alternative forms

• sta'n

Etymology

Contraction of staden, the definite singular of stad.

Noun

stan

1. (colloquial) The town, the city.

   på stan

   downtown

Usage notes

• Stockholmers insist that stan always refers to Stockholm and no other cities. The phrase inte i stan (“not in the town”) to them means outside of Stockholm, but to other Swedes it means outside of any town, i.e., in the countryside.

Anagrams

• sant