stać
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stojati.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]stać impf
- (of people) to stand (to have a position on one's legs)
- (of objects) to stand (to be placed somewhere; to be located somewhere, especially vertically)
- (of plants) to grow
- to stand (to be located)
- to stop somewhere; to remain; to reside
- to stand over (to watch over) [with nad (+ instrumental) ‘over whom’]
- to stop
- to stand to not move
- to remain in some state
- to exist
- to be written, to exist in text
- to be present in a court hearing
- to conduct a court hearing
- to be inactive, to idle
- to cost (to have a certain price)
- to agree with, to match, to correspond
- to have or maintain a legal power; to allow legally
- to remain, to last
- to strive for (to try for with effort)
- to support, to help, to assist
- to aid in a legal trail
- to act against someone
- to result from, to thank one's existence for [with instrumental]
- to take place, to occur
- The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- 1856-1870 [1415], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki[1], volume II, number 1405:
- Clemens... penam XV judicio pro eo, quia importune in judicio loquebatur his verbis: Mussycz mi stacz o gardlo y wroczicz w gardlo
- [Klemens... penam XV judicio pro eo, quia importune in judicio loquebatur his verbis: Musi-ć mi stać o gardło i wrocić w gardło]
Descendants
[edit]- Polish: stać, stojeć (Near Masovian), stoić (Central Greater Poland, Far Masovian)
- Silesian: stać
Etymology 2
[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stati. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]stać pf
- to get up, to stand up (to assume a standing position)
- to stop (to stop moving)
- to take some position or location
- to appear in court
- to reach some price
- to remain (to not wither away)
- to happen to; to damage, to harm
- to leave one's roll
- to run out (to stop existing)
- to remain; to rest (to continue to be)
- (reflexive with się) to happen, to occur, to take place
- (reflexive with się) to be created
- (reflexive with się) to transform, to change shape
- (reflexive with się) to come or arrive at some state or age
- (reflexive with się) corruption of łszczeć się
Alternative forms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “stać”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “1. stać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “2. stać, sstać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “3. stać, stać się, sstać, sstać się”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish stać, from Proto-Slavic *stati.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈstat͡ɕ/
- (Masovia):
- (Near Masovian) IPA(key): /ˈstat͡ɕ/
Verb
[edit]stać pf (imperfective stawać)
- (reflexive with się) to happen (to take place at a particular time)
- Co tu się stało? ― What happened here?
- Stała się rzecz niepojęta, Tomek pogodził się z ojcem! ― Something incomprehensible happened, Tom reconciled with his father!
- Czuję, że stanie się coś złego. ― I feel that something bad will happen.
- Co się stało, to się nie odstanie. ― What's done is done.
- (reflexive with się) to become (to change into, to start being)
- Myślisz, że się zmieni, gdy stanie się sławna? ― Do you think she will change when she becomes famous?
- Po kilku dniach stali się najlepszymi przyjaciółmi. ― After a few days, they became best friends.
- Jego twarz stała się czerwona ze złości. ― His face turned red with anger.
- (reflexive with się) to happen to, to happen with (to cause someone to undergo certain circumstances) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with/to whom’]
- (reflexive with się) to end up; to turn out
- (intransitive, impersonal, Near Masovian, chiefly in the negative) to not run out [with accusative ‘on whom’; or with genitive or na (+ accusative) ‘of what’]
- Antonym: zabraknąć
- Nie stanie chleba. ― The bread is going to run out.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of stać pf | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
person | singular | plural | |||||||||||||||||
masculine | feminine | neuter | virile | nonvirile | |||||||||||||||
infinitive | stać | ||||||||||||||||||
future tense | 1st | stanę | staniemy | ||||||||||||||||
2nd | staniesz | staniecie | |||||||||||||||||
3rd | stanie | staną | |||||||||||||||||
impersonal | stanie się | ||||||||||||||||||
past tense | 1st | stałem, -(e)m stał |
stałam, -(e)m stała |
stałom, -(e)m stało |
staliśmy, -(e)śmy stali |
stałyśmy, -(e)śmy stały | |||||||||||||
2nd | stałeś, -(e)ś stał |
stałaś, -(e)ś stała |
stałoś, -(e)ś stało |
staliście, -(e)ście stali |
stałyście, -(e)ście stały | ||||||||||||||
3rd | stał | stała | stało | stali | stały | ||||||||||||||
impersonal | stano | ||||||||||||||||||
conditional | 1st | stałbym, bym stał |
stałabym, bym stała |
stałobym, bym stało |
stalibyśmy, byśmy stali |
stałybyśmy, byśmy stały | |||||||||||||
2nd | stałbyś, byś stał |
stałabyś, byś stała |
stałobyś, byś stało |
stalibyście, byście stali |
stałybyście, byście stały | ||||||||||||||
3rd | stałby, by stał |
stałaby, by stała |
stałoby, by stało |
staliby, by stali |
stałyby, by stały | ||||||||||||||
impersonal | stano by | ||||||||||||||||||
imperative | 1st | niech stanę | stańmy | ||||||||||||||||
2nd | stań | stańcie | |||||||||||||||||
3rd | niech stanie | niech staną | |||||||||||||||||
anterior adverbial participle | stawszy | ||||||||||||||||||
verbal noun | stanie |
Derived terms
[edit]- dostać pf, dostawać impf
- nastać pf, nastawać impf
- obstać pf, obstawać impf
- odstać pf, odstawać impf
- ostać pf, ostawać impf
- podostawać impf
- poprzestać pf, poprzestawać impf
- postać pf, postawać impf
- pozostać pf, pozostawać impf
- przedostać pf, przedostawać impf
- przestać pf, przestawać impf
- przystać pf, przystawać impf
- rozstać pf, rozstawać impf
- ustać pf, ustawać impf
- wstać pf, wstawać impf
- wydostać pf, wydostawać impf
- wystać pf, wystawać impf
- zaprzestać pf, zaprzestawać impf
- zastać pf, zastawać impf
- zostać pf, zostawać impf
Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), stać się is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 51 times in scientific texts, 22 times in news, 52 times in essays, 51 times in fiction, and 67 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 243 times, making it the 219th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Etymology 2
[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish stać, from Proto-Slavic *stojati.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /stɒt͡ɕ/
- (Masovia):
- (Far Masovian) IPA(key): /ˈstat͡ɕ/
Verb
[edit]stać impf (determinate, perfective stanąć, indeterminate stawać)
- (intransitive, of living beings) to stand (to take a position on one's feet) [with na (+ locative) ‘on what’]
- Dlaczego ci ludzie tu stoją? ― Why are these people standing here?
- Stała przed nim przez pięć minut. ― She stood in front of him for five minutes.
- (intransitive) to stand over, to stand behind (to be near an object and perform a task at it) [with za (+ locative) ‘behind what’; or with na (+ locative) ‘over what’]
- (intransitive, of objects) to stand, to be (to be in an upright position)
- Te książki wcześniej stały na półce. ― These books were standing on the shelf earlier.
- Na przystanku stoi autobus. ― There is a bus at the stop.
- (intransitive) to stop, to stagnate (to remain in a state without chanhge)
- Od kilku miesięcy gospodarka stoi w miejscu. ― The economy has been in stagnation for several months now.
- (intransitive, chiefly of hair) to stand up, to stand on end (to be straightened out from the body) [with dative ‘whose hair’]
- (intransitive) to stop (to remain motionless, to not move)
- Stała w korku przez pięć minut. ― She was in traffic for five minutes.
- (intransitive, of words, etc.) to be (to be located in some text)
- (intransitive) to stay (to remain in a particular place for a while)
- (intransitive) to stop working; to shut down (to be in a state of non-continuation)
- Zegarek stał, a ja nie mogłem go naprawić. ― The watch wasn't working and I couldn't fix it.
- Nasza firma staje. ― Our company is shutting down.
- (intransitive) to stand (to be in a particular situation)
- (intransitive, of money) to value (to have some value) [with po (+ accusative) ‘how much’]
- (intransitive) to stand (to have a particular position in a hierarchy)
- (intransitive) to stand behind, to be behind (to influence) [with za (+ instrumental) ‘behind what’]
- (intransitive) to stand with (to support) [with przy (+ locative) ‘with whom’]
- (intransitive) to stand over (to watch) [with nad (+ instrumental) ‘over whom’]
- (intransitive) to stand before (to be in a position where one needs to make a decision) [with przed (+ instrumental) ‘before what/whom’]
- (intransitive) to stand behind, to be behind (to cause, to be the reason of, to be responsible for) [with za (+ instrumental) ‘behind what’]
- (intransitive) to stand between (to cause difficulties, to not facilitate) [with między (+ instrumental) ‘between what/whom’]
- (intransitive) to rely on, to depend on, to be based on the existence of something [with na (+ locative) ‘on what’; or with instrumental ‘with what’]
- (intransitive, colloquial) to be in force, to apply
- Umowa stoi. ― We've got a deal. (literally, “The deal is on.”)
- (intransitive) to aim for, to try for (to attempt to achieve) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’]
- (intransitive, obsolete) to be in progress
- (intransitive, obsolete) to care for, to take care of [with o (+ accusative) ‘of whom’]
- (transitive, obsolete) to begin (to start, to initiate or take the first step into something) [with infinitive ‘to do what’]
- (intransitive, obsolete) to serve [with dative ‘whom’]
- Synonym: służyć
Conjugation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]stać
Verb
[edit]stać pf (imperfective stawać)
- (impersonal) used to express the ability to bear the costs; to be able to afford [with accusative ‘subject’ and na (+ accusative) ‘what one can afford’]
- Wreszcie stać mnie na ten płaszcz. ― I can finally afford the coat.
- Nawet za pięć lat nie będzie go stać na ten samochód. ― Even in five years, he will not be able to afford this car.
- Czy Pańską rodzinę stać na adwokata? ― Is your family able to afford an attorney?
- (impersonal) used to capability; to be capable of [with accusative ‘subject’ and na (+ accusative) ‘what one is capable of’]
- Wiem, że stać nas na więcej! ― I know that we're capable of more!
- (impersonal) to be available [with dative ‘subject’ and genitive ‘what is available’]
- (impersonal, archaic, in the past) to suffice, to be enough [with za (+ accusative) ‘what is enough’]
Conjugation
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- kląć na czym świat stoi impf
- stać kością w gardle impf
- stać na czatach impf
- stać na czele impf
- stać na drodze impf
- stać na głowie impf
- stać na kotwicy impf
- stać na kotwicy impf
- stać na przeszkodzie impf
- stać na stanowisku impf, stanąć na stanowisku pf
- stać na straży impf
- stać na twardym gruncie impf
- stać nad głową impf
- stać nad przepaścią impf
- stać otworem impf
- stać ponad prawem impf, stanąć ponad prawem pf
- stać w sprzeczności impf, stanąć w sprzeczności pf
- stać z boku impf
- stać z bronią u nogi impf
- stać za kamerą impf
- wiedzieć, na czym stoi impf
Related terms
[edit]Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), stać is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 13 times in scientific texts, 25 times in news, 33 times in essays, 104 times in fiction, and 53 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 228 times, making it the 240th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “stać się”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 555
- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “stać”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 555
Further reading
[edit]- stać in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- stać in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1. stać”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “2. stać”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “stać się”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “STAĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2011 November 20
- Wiesław Morawski (17.02.2009) “STAĆ%20SIĘ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “stać”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “stać”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1915), “stać”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 6, Warsaw, page 378
- stać in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
- Zygmunt Wasilewski (1889) “stać”, in Jagodne: wieś w powiecie łukowskim, gminie Dąbie: zarys etnograficzny (in Polish), Warsaw: M. Arct, page 247
- Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “ńe stać”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 116
Silesian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish stać, from Proto-Slavic *stati.
Verb
[edit]stać pf
- (reflexive with sie) to happen (to take place at a particular time)
- (reflexive with sie) to become (to change into, to start being)
- (reflexive with sie) to happen to, to happen with (to cause someone to undergo certain circumstances) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with/to whom’]
- (reflexive with sie) to end up; to turn out
Conjugation
[edit]This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Etymology 2
[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish stać , from Proto-Slavic *stojati.
Verb
[edit]stać impf
- (intransitive) to stand (to take a position on one's legs)
Conjugation
[edit]This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Alternative forms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish verbs
- Old Polish imperfective verbs
- Old Polish terms with uncertain meaning
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Old Polish perfective verbs
- Old Polish reflexive verbs
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/at͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Polish/at͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish verbs
- Polish perfective verbs
- Polish reflexive verbs
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish intransitive verbs
- Polish impersonal verbs
- Near Masovian Polish
- Polish negative polarity items
- Polish determinate verbs
- Polish imperfective verbs
- Polish colloquialisms
- Polish terms with obsolete senses
- Polish transitive verbs
- Polish interjections
- Polish terms with archaic senses
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/at͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Silesian/at͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian verbs
- Silesian perfective verbs
- Silesian reflexive verbs
- Silesian imperfective verbs
- Silesian intransitive verbs