𑀓𑀸𑀮

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Prakrit

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *kārder.

Sanskrit काल (kāla)

Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Inherited from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, dark blue”).^[1]

Adjective

𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (Devanagari काल) ^[2]

black, dark

Derived terms

𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀬 (kālaya)

Descendants

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Awadhi: करिआ (kariā)
- Domaaki: کال (kāla)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: काला (kālā), कालिया (kāliyā)
  
  Urdu: کَالَا (kālā), کَالِیَا (kāliyā)
- Romani: kalo
  - Angloromani: kalo, kala, kali, kalli, kallo, kawla, kawlo, kawlu, kora, kowlo, kula
  - Caló: caló (“tanned, dark-skinned; Romani”)
    - → Catalan: caló, calé
    - → Portuguese: caló, calão
    - → Spanish: caló
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Assamese: ক’লা (kola)
- Bengali: কালো (kalō), কালা (kala)
- Bihari:
  - Bhojpuri: कारी (kārī), करिया (kariyā), करिआ (kariā)
  - Magahi: करिआ (kariā)
  - Maithili: कारी (kārī), कारि (kārɨ), करिया (kariyā)
- Odia: କଲା (kalā)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
- Dhivehi: ކަޅު (kaḷu)
- Sinhalese: කළු (kaḷu), කැලි (kæli)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Kumaoni: कालो (kālo), काव (kāw)
- Nepali: कालो (kālo)
- Bhadrawahi: काओ (kāo)
- Jaunsari: कावो (kāvo)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਲ਼ਾ (kāḷā)
  
  Shahmukhi script: کالا (kālā)
- Saraiki: کالا (kālā)
- Sindhi:
  Arabic script: ڪارو (kāro)
  
  Devanagari script: कारो (kāro)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Konkani: kāḷễ, kāḷo
  Devanagari script: काळें, काळो
  
  Kannada script: ಕಾಳೆಂ, ಕಾಳೊ
  
  Latin script: kallem, kallo
- Marathi: काळा (kāḷā)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Old Gujarati:
  - Gujarati: કાળું (kāḷũ), કાળિયું (kāḷiyũ)
  - Maranao: काळो

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Sanskrit काल (kāla)

Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla), from Sanskrit काल (kālá, “time”).^[3]

Noun

𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) m (Devanagari काल) ^[2]

Descendants

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Romani: kal
- Hindustani:
  - Hindi: काल (kāl), काला (kālā)
  - Urdu: کَال (kāl), کَالَا (kālā)
  - → Maithili: काल (kāl)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Assamese: কাল (kal)
- Bengali: কাল (kal)
- Chakma: 𑄇𑄣𑄴 (kāl)
- Odia: କାଳ (kāḷa)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Central Pahari:
  - Garhwali: काळ (kāḷ)
  - Kumaoni: काल (kāl), काव (kāw), कार (kār)
- Eastern Pahari:
  - Nepali: काल (kāl)
- Western Pahari:
  - Pangwali: काल (kāl)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਲ (kāl)
  
  Shahmukhi script: کَال (kāl)
- Sindhi:
  Arabic script: ڪَالُ (kālu)
  
  Devanagari script: कालु (kālu)
  - Jadgali: [script needed] (kā'ḷ)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
- Sinhalese: කල (kala)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Konkani: kāḷu
  Devanagari script: काळु
  
  Kannada script: ಕಾಳು
  
  Latin script: kallu
- Marathi: काळ (kāḷ)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Old Gujarati:
  - Gujarati: કાળ (kāḷ)
  - Old Marwari: काल (kāl)

References

^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kāla¹”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928) “काल”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kālá²”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 157

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