Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/sweideti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).

Verb

*sweideti

1. (secondarily) to swell
2. (originally) to sweat

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*sweidū	*sweidemam	*siswitsū	*siswoida
2nd singular	*sweidesi	*sweidetās	*siswitsesi	*siswoidas?
3rd singular	*sweideti	*sweideto	*siswitseti	*siswoide
1st plural	*sweidomosi	*sweidemo	*siswitsomosi	*siswoidmo
2nd plural	*sweidetesi	*sweidestē	*siswitsetesi	*siswoisse
3rd plural	*sweidonti	*sweidento	*siswitsonti	*siswoidars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*sweitsū	?	—
2nd singular	*sweitsesi	?	*sweide
3rd singular	*sweitseti	?	*sweidetou
1st plural	*sweitsomosi	?	*sweidomos
2nd plural	*sweitsetesi	?	*sweidete
3rd plural	*sweitsonti	?	*sweidontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*sweidūr	—	*siswitsūr	*siswoidra
2nd singular	*sweidetar	—	*siswitsetar	*siswoidras?
3rd singular	*sweidetor	?	*siswitsetor	*siswoidre
1st plural	*sweidommor	—	*siswitsommor	?
2nd plural	*sweidedwe	—	*siswitsedwe	?
3rd plural	*sweidontor	?	*siswitsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*sweitsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*sweitsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*sweitsetor	—	—
1st plural	*sweitsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*sweitsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*sweitsontor	—	—

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swissos	*swissou	*swissoi
vocative	*swisse	*swissou	*swissoi
accusative	*swissom	*swissou	*swissoms
genitive	*swissī	*swissous	*swissom
dative	*swissūi	*swissobom	*swissobos
instrumental	*swissū	*swissobim	*swissobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swissā	*swissai	*swissās
vocative	*swissā	*swissai	*swissās
accusative	*swissam	*swissai	*swissams
genitive	*swissās	*swissous	*swissom
dative	*swissai	*swissābom	*swissābos
instrumental	*?	*swissābim	*swissābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swissom	*swissou	*swissā
vocative	*swissom	*swissou	*swissā
accusative	*swissom	*swissou	*swissā
genitive	*swissī	*swissous	*swissom
dative	*swissūi	*swissobom	*swissobos
instrumental	*swissū	*swissobim	*swissobis

Reconstruction notes

• The Brittonic nouns for "sweat" are from "more probably, *swid-to- (past participle)." Although Matasović does not detail why he selected the past participle out of KPV's suggestions as the source and not the other candidates *-tis and *-tus, there are a few reasons to do so:
  • *-tis is generally feminine, which is incompatible with the masculine gender of the Brittonic nouns.
  • The past participle is closer semantically (to indicate a substance that is sweated out) compared to *-tus (which should make a noun denoting the act of sweating, not the product of such).
• The original meaning "to sweat" is thus betrayed by the past participle spawning nouns meaning "sweat".

Derived terms

• *swisso- (from the past participle)
  • Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨs (“sweat”)
    • Middle Breton: hues
      • Breton: c'hwez (“sweat”)
    • Cornish: hwys, hwes
    • Middle Welsh: chwys
      • Welsh: chwys
• *swissiyū (suffixed with *-tiyū)
  • ⇒ Old Irish: úrphaisiu (“cancer”)

Related terms

• *sweidus

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *hwuɨðɨd
  • Middle Welsh: chwydo, hwydo
    • Welsh: chwyddo