ganga

See also: Ganga, gāngà, gänga, gånga, and gaŋga

English

Etymology 1

From French ganga, from Catalan ganga.

Noun

ganga (plural gangas)

1. (dated) The sandgrouse.

Etymology 2

Noun

ganga (uncountable)

1. Alternative form of ganja

Anagrams

• A-gang, Gaang

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈɡaŋ.ɡə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈɡaŋ.ɡa]

Etymology 1

Imitative. The sense of "bargain" stems from the fact that the sandgrouse is considered a less valuable form of game.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangues)

1. sandgrouse
2. bargain
3. (colloquial) windfall, gift

Derived terms

• gangues de l’ofici
• ganga eurasiàtica

Descendants

• → English: ganga
• → French: ganga

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French gangue.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangues)

1. (mining) gangue

Further reading

• “ganga” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse ganga, from Proto-Germanic *ganganą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-.

Pronunciation

• (Norðanfjørðs) IPA^(key): /ˈkɛŋka/
• (Sunnanfjørðs) IPA^(key): /ˈkaŋka/
• Rhymes: -ɛŋka

Verb

ganga (third person singular past indicative gekk, third person plural past indicative gingu, supine gingið)

1. to walk

Conjugation

Conjugation of ganga (group v-51)
infinitive	ganga
supine	gingið
participle (a26)1	gangandi	gingin
	present	past
first singular	gangi	gekk
second singular	gongur	gekst
third singular	gongur	gekk
plural	ganga	gingu
	imperative
singular	gakk!
plural	gangið!
1Only the past participle being declined.

French

Etymology

From Catalan ganga, of imitative origin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡɑ̃.ɡa/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

ganga m (plural gangas)

1. sandgrouse

Further reading

• “ganga”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Anagrams

• gagna

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse ganga, from Proto-Germanic *ganganą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkauŋka/
• Rhymes: -auŋka

Verb

ganga (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gekk, third-person plural past indicative gengu, supine gengið)

1. (intransitive) to walk

   Hvert viltu ganga?

   Where do you want to walk to?

2. (intransitive, of machinery) to work, operate, run

   Gengur klukkan?

   Does the clock work?

3. (intransitive, well or badly, of progress) to go

   Hreinsunin gengur vel.

   The cleaning is going well.

4. (intransitive) to fit, to go, to be satisfactory, to do

   Heldurðu að þessi kjóll gangi ekki við rauðu kápuna mína?

   Don't you think this dress will go with my red coat?

Conjugation

ganga — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að ganga
supine (sagnbót)		gengið
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		gangandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég geng	við göngum	present (nútíð)	ég gangi	við göngum
	þú gengur	þið gangið		þú gangir	þið gangið
	hann, hún, það gengur	þeir, þær, þau ganga		hann, hún, það gangi	þeir, þær, þau gangi
past (þátíð)	ég gekk	við gengum	past (þátíð)	ég gengi	við gengjum
	þú gekkst	þið genguð		þú gengir	þið gengjuð
	hann, hún, það gekk	þeir, þær, þau gengu		hann, hún, það gengi	þeir, þær, þau gengju
imperative (boðháttur)	gakk (þú)	gangið (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	gakktu	gangiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

gangast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að gangast
supine (sagnbót)		gangist
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		gangandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég gengst	við göngumst	present (nútíð)	ég gangist	við göngumst
	þú gengst	þið gangist		þú gangist	þið gangist
	hann, hún, það gengst	þeir, þær, þau gangast		hann, hún, það gangist	þeir, þær, þau gangist
past (þátíð)	ég gekkst	við gengumst	past (þátíð)	ég gengist	við gengjumst
	þú gekkst	þið gengust		þú gengist	þið gengjust
	hann, hún, það gekkst	þeir, þær, þau gengust		hann, hún, það gengist	þeir, þær, þau gengjust
imperative (boðháttur)	gakkst (þú)	gangist (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	gakkstu	gangisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

genginn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	genginn	gengin	gengið		gengnir	gengnar	gengin
accusative (þolfall)	genginn	gengna	gengið		gengna	gengnar	gengin
dative (þágufall)	gengnum	genginni	gengnu		gengnum	gengnum	gengnum
genitive (eignarfall)	gengins	gengnnar	gengins		genginna	genginna	genginna
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	gengni	gengna	gengna		gengnu	gengnu	gengnu
accusative (þolfall)	gengna	gengnu	gengna		gengnu	gengnu	gengnu
dative (þágufall)	gengna	gengnu	gengna		gengnu	gengnu	gengnu
genitive (eignarfall)	gengna	gengnu	gengnu		gengnu	gengnu	gengnu

Derived terms

Derived terms

• ganga eins og í sögu
• ganga úr skugga um
• gangi þér vel
• gangur
• -gengill
• ganga (noun)
• úr sér genginn

Noun

ganga f (genitive singular göngu, nominative plural göngur)

1. an excursion on foot; a walk, a stroll, a hike
2. (in plural only) the annual herding of sheep

Declension

Declension of ganga (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ganga	gangan	göngur	göngurnar
accusative	göngu	gönguna	göngur	göngurnar
dative	göngu	göngunni	göngum	göngunum
genitive	göngu	göngunnar	gangna	gangnanna

Synonyms

• gönguferð

Derived terms

• fjallganga
• gönguferð
• göngutúr

Noun

ganga

1. indefinite genitive plural of göng

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Gang.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡan.ɡa/
• Rhymes: -anɡa
• Hyphenation: gàn‧ga

Noun

ganga f (plural ganghe)

1. gangue

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• gange (e-infinitive)

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ganga, from Proto-Germanic *ganganą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-.

Verb

ganga (present tense gjeng, past tense gjekk, supine gjenge or gjengi, past participle gjengen, present participle gangande, imperative gakk)

1. (pre-2012) alternative form of gå

   Denne vegen er ikkje lett å ganga

   It is not easy to go this way

   Gjeng det bra med handa?

   Is it going well with (your) hand?

Etymology 2

Verb

ganga (present tense gangar, past tense ganga, past participle ganga, passive infinitive gangast, present participle gangande, imperative ganga/gang)

1. (arithmetic) to multiply

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ganganą (“to go, walk, step”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”). Related to gengi (“luck, success; help, support”).

Cognate with Old English gangan, Old Frisian ganga, gunga, Old Saxon gangan, Old High German gangan, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan).

Pronunciation

• (12th century Icelandic) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɑ̃ŋɡɑ/

Verb

ganga (singular past indicative gekk, plural past indicative gengu, past participle genginn)

1. to go, walk

Conjugation

Conjugation of ganga — active (strong class 7)

infinitive	ganga
present participle	gangandi
past participle	genginn, ginginn
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	geng	gekk
2nd-person singular	gengr	gekkt
3rd-person singular	gengr	gekk
1st-person plural	gǫngum	gengum, gingum
2nd-person plural	gangið	genguð, ginguð
3rd-person plural	ganga	gengu, gingu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	ganga	genga, ginga
2nd-person singular	gangir	gengir, gingir
3rd-person singular	gangi	gengi, gingi
1st-person plural	gangim	gengim, gingim
2nd-person plural	gangið	gengið, gingið
3rd-person plural	gangi	gengi, gingi
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	gakk
1st-person plural	gǫngum
2nd-person plural	gangið

Conjugation of ganga — mediopassive (strong class 7)

infinitive	gangask
present participle	gangandisk
past participle	gengizk, gingizk
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	gǫngumk	gengumk, gingumk
2nd-person singular	gengsk	gekkzk
3rd-person singular	gengsk	gekksk
1st-person plural	gǫngumsk	gengumsk, gingumsk
2nd-person plural	gangizk	genguzk, ginguzk
3rd-person plural	gangask	gengusk, gingusk
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	gǫngumk	gengumk, gingumk
2nd-person singular	gangisk	gengisk, gingisk
3rd-person singular	gangisk	gengisk, gingisk
1st-person plural	gangimsk	gengimsk, gingimsk
2nd-person plural	gangizk	gengizk, gingizk
3rd-person plural	gangisk	gengisk, gingisk
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	gangsk
1st-person plural	gǫngumsk
2nd-person plural	gangizk

Derived terms

• ganga af
• ganga aptr
• ganga at
• ganga á
• ganga eptir
• ganga frá
• ganga fram
• ganga fyrir
• ganga í
• ganga með
• ganga milli
• ganga móti
• ganga nær
• ganga saman
• ganga sundr
• ganga til
• ganga um
• ganga undan
• ganga undir
• ganga upp
• ganga við
• ganga yfir

Descendants

• Icelandic: ganga
• Faroese: ganga
• Norwegian Nynorsk: ganga; (dialectal) gånga, gå
• Dalian: ganga
• Old Swedish: ganga
  • Swedish: gånga (archaic)
• Danish: gange (archaic)
  • Norwegian Bokmål: gange (archaic)
• Old Gutnish: ganga

Old Swedish

Verb

ganga

1. to go, to walk

Conjugation

Please add the conjugation table if you are used to Old Swedish verbs.

Descendants

• Swedish: gånga

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡɐ̃.ɡɐ/

• Rhymes: -ɐ̃ɡɐ
• Hyphenation: gan‧ga

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French gangue, from German Gang.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (mining) gangue (earthy waste substances occurring in metallic ore) [from 19th c.]
2. (figuratively) bagatelle, trifle (an unsubstantial thing)

   Synonyms: bagatela, bugiganga

3. (Brazil, colloquial, obsolete) money

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Mandarin káng. First attested in the 16th century.(Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. denim (textile)

   Synonyms: jeans, brim

2. (in the plural) jeans (trousers made from denim cotton)(Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

   Synonym: jeans

3. (Brazil) A variety of cotton plant with brown fiber

   Synonym: algodoim

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Spanish ganga.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. sandgrouse

   Synonym: cortiçol

Etymology 4

From Gaulish *cambica "bent log", derivative of cambos (“twisted, crooked”), from Proto-Celtic *kambos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kh₂emb- (“to bend, curve”). Doublet of canga.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (historical) cangue

Etymology 5

Borrowed from English gang.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (Brazil, obsolete) gang (group of criminals)

   Synonym: gangue

Etymology 6

Borrowed from Kimbundu nganga (“sorcerer”).

Noun

ganga m (plural gangas)

1. (Angola) sorcerer

Etymology 7

Borrowed from Bengali গন্ডার (gonḍar), from Sanskrit गण्ड (gaṇḍa). Doublet of ganda.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (India, dated) rhinoceros

   Synonym: rinoceronte

Etymology 8

Unknown.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (Brazil) a set of matches in a board game, specially backgammon

Etymology 9

Borrowed from Guinea-Bissau Creole [Term?].

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (dated) black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina)

   Synonym: grou-coroado

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ganga.

References

• “ganga”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2024
• “ganga”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024
• “ganga”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024
• “ganga”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡanɡa/ [ˈɡãŋ.ɡa]
• Rhymes: -anɡa
• Syllabification: gan‧ga

Etymology 1

Imitative of the bird's call.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. bargain (advantageous purchase)

   Synonyms: bicoca, chollo, (El Salvador) cachada

   • 2013 November 7, “A la caza del ofertón en coches de segunda mano”, in Cinco Días‎^[1]:

     Pero lo que verdaderamente interesa es encontrar la ganga, el chollo, el ofertón.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. sandgrouse (bird of the family Pteroclididae)

Usage notes

• Ganga is a false friend, and in most regions does not mean "gang". The words for "gang" in Spanish are pandilla and mara.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English gang.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. (Puerto Rico) gang

   Synonyms: pandilla, mara

Etymology 3

Borrowed from French gangue.

Noun

ganga f (plural gangas)

1. gangue

Further reading

• “ganga”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-ganga (infinitive kuganga)

1. to heal, to cure

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ganga
Positive present -naganga Subjunctive -gange Negative -gangi Imperative singular ganga
Infinitives
Positive kuganga Negative kutoganga
Imperatives
Singular ganga Plural gangeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huganga Positive past positive subject concord + -liganga Negative past negative subject concord + -kuganga
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naganga) Singular Plural 1st person ninaganga/naganga tunaganga 2nd person unaganga mnaganga 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaganga wanaganga other classes positive subject concord + -naganga
Negative present (negative subject concord + -gangi) Singular Plural 1st person sigangi hatugangi 2nd person hugangi hamgangi 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hagangi hawagangi other classes negative subject concord + -gangi
Positive future positive subject concord + -taganga Negative future negative subject concord + -taganga
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -gange) Singular Plural 1st person nigange tugange 2nd person ugange mgange 3rd person m-wa(I/II) agange wagange other classes positive subject concord + -gange
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sigange Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeganga Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeganga Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliganga Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliganga
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aganga) Singular Plural 1st person naganga twaganga 2nd person waganga mwaganga 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aganga waganga m-mi(III/IV) waganga yaganga ji-ma(V/VI) laganga yaganga ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaganga vyaganga n(IX/X) yaganga zaganga u(XI) waganga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaganga pa(XVI) paganga mu(XVIII) mwaganga
Perfect positive subject concord + -meganga "Already" positive subject concord + -meshaganga "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaganga "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiganga "If not" positive subject concord + -sipoganga Consecutive kaganga / positive subject concord + -kaganga Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kagange
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -niganga -tuganga 2nd person -kuganga -waganga/-kugangeni/-wagangeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mganga -waganga m-mi(III/IV) -uganga -iganga ji-ma(V/VI) -liganga -yaganga ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiganga -viganga n(IX/X) -iganga -ziganga u(XI) -uganga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuganga pa(XVI) -paganga mu(XVIII) -muganga Reflexive -jiganga
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ganga- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -gangaye -gangao m-mi(III/IV) -gangao -gangayo ji-ma(V/VI) -gangalo -gangayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -gangacho -gangavyo n(IX/X) -gangayo -gangazo u(XI) -gangao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -gangako pa(XVI) -gangapo mu(XVIII) -gangamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ganga) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeganga -oganga m-mi(III/IV) -oganga -yoganga ji-ma(V/VI) -loganga -yoganga ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choganga -vyoganga n(IX/X) -yoganga -zoganga u(XI) -oganga see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koganga pa(XVI) -poganga mu(XVIII) -moganga
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Related terms

• mganga
• uganga

Swazi

Verb

-ganga

1. to be naughty, to be mischievous

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Verb

-ganga

1. (intransitive) to be impudent, to be mischievous, to be naughty

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukuganga
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuganga	ukungagangi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	ganga	-gange
Plural	gangani	-gangeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyaganga, ngiganga	engigangayo, engiganga	ngiganga	angigangi	engingagangi	ngingagangi
2nd singular	uyaganga, uganga	ogangayo, oganga	uganga	awugangi	ongagangi	ungagangi
1st plural	siyaganga, siganga	esigangayo, esiganga	siganga	asigangi	esingagangi	singagangi
2nd plural	niyaganga, niganga	enigangayo, eniganga	niganga	anigangi	eningagangi	ningagangi
Class 1	uyaganga, uganga	ogangayo, oganga	eganga	akagangi	ongagangi	engagangi
Class 2	bayaganga, baganga	abagangayo, abaganga	beganga	abagangi	abangagangi	bengagangi
Class 3	uyaganga, uganga	ogangayo, oganga	uganga	awugangi	ongagangi	ungagangi
Class 4	iyaganga, iganga	egangayo, eganga	iganga	ayigangi	engagangi	ingagangi
Class 5	liyaganga, liganga	eligangayo, eliganga	liganga	aligangi	elingagangi	lingagangi
Class 6	ayaganga, aganga	agangayo, aganga	eganga	awagangi	angagangi	engagangi
Class 7	siyaganga, siganga	esigangayo, esiganga	siganga	asigangi	esingagangi	singagangi
Class 8	ziyaganga, ziganga	ezigangayo, eziganga	ziganga	azigangi	ezingagangi	zingagangi
Class 9	iyaganga, iganga	egangayo, eganga	iganga	ayigangi	engagangi	ingagangi
Class 10	ziyaganga, ziganga	ezigangayo, eziganga	ziganga	azigangi	ezingagangi	zingagangi
Class 11	luyaganga, luganga	olugangayo, oluganga	luganga	alugangi	olungagangi	lungagangi
Class 14	buyaganga, buganga	obugangayo, obuganga	buganga	abugangi	obungagangi	bungagangi
Class 15	kuyaganga, kuganga	okugangayo, okuganga	kuganga	akugangi	okungagangi	kungagangi
Class 17	kuyaganga, kuganga	okugangayo, okuganga	kuganga	akugangi	okungagangi	kungagangi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngigangile, ngigangē	engigangile, engigangē	ngigangile, ngigangē	angiganganga	engingaganganga	ngingaganganga
2nd singular	ugangile, ugangē	ogangile, ogangē	ugangile, ugangē	awuganganga	ongaganganga	ungaganganga
1st plural	sigangile, sigangē	esigangile, esigangē	sigangile, sigangē	asiganganga	esingaganganga	singaganganga
2nd plural	nigangile, nigangē	enigangile, enigangē	nigangile, nigangē	aniganganga	eningaganganga	ningaganganga
Class 1	ugangile, ugangē	ogangile, ogangē	egangile, egangē	akaganganga	ongaganganga	engaganganga
Class 2	bagangile, bagangē	abagangile, abagangē	begangile, begangē	abaganganga	abangaganganga	bengaganganga
Class 3	ugangile, ugangē	ogangile, ogangē	ugangile, ugangē	awuganganga	ongaganganga	ungaganganga
Class 4	igangile, igangē	egangile, egangē	igangile, igangē	ayiganganga	engaganganga	ingaganganga
Class 5	ligangile, ligangē	eligangile, eligangē	ligangile, ligangē	aliganganga	elingaganganga	lingaganganga
Class 6	agangile, agangē	agangile, agangē	egangile, egangē	awaganganga	angaganganga	engaganganga
Class 7	sigangile, sigangē	esigangile, esigangē	sigangile, sigangē	asiganganga	esingaganganga	singaganganga
Class 8	zigangile, zigangē	ezigangile, ezigangē	zigangile, zigangē	aziganganga	ezingaganganga	zingaganganga
Class 9	igangile, igangē	egangile, egangē	igangile, igangē	ayiganganga	engaganganga	ingaganganga
Class 10	zigangile, zigangē	ezigangile, ezigangē	zigangile, zigangē	aziganganga	ezingaganganga	zingaganganga
Class 11	lugangile, lugangē	olugangile, olugangē	lugangile, lugangē	aluganganga	olungaganganga	lungaganganga
Class 14	bugangile, bugangē	obugangile, obugangē	bugangile, bugangē	abuganganga	obungaganganga	bungaganganga
Class 15	kugangile, kugangē	okugangile, okugangē	kugangile, kugangē	akuganganga	okungaganganga	kungaganganga
Class 17	kugangile, kugangē	okugangile, okugangē	kugangile, kugangē	akuganganga	okungaganganga	kungaganganga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāganga	engāganga	ngāganga	angiganganga	engingaganganga	ngingaganganga
2nd singular	wāganga	owāganga	wāganga	awuganganga	ongaganganga	ungaganganga
1st plural	sāganga	esāganga	sāganga	asiganganga	esingaganganga	singaganganga
2nd plural	nāganga	enāganga	nāganga	aniganganga	eningaganganga	ningaganganga
Class 1	wāganga	owāganga	āganga	akaganganga	ongaganganga	engaganganga
Class 2	bāganga	abāganga	bāganga	abaganganga	abangaganganga	bengaganganga
Class 3	wāganga	owāganga	wāganga	awuganganga	ongaganganga	ungaganganga
Class 4	yāganga	eyāganga	yāganga	ayiganganga	engaganganga	ingaganganga
Class 5	lāganga	elāganga	lāganga	aliganganga	elingaganganga	lingaganganga
Class 6	āganga	āganga	āganga	awaganganga	angaganganga	engaganganga
Class 7	sāganga	esāganga	sāganga	asiganganga	esingaganganga	singaganganga
Class 8	zāganga	ezāganga	zāganga	aziganganga	ezingaganganga	zingaganganga
Class 9	yāganga	eyāganga	yāganga	ayiganganga	engaganganga	ingaganganga
Class 10	zāganga	ezāganga	zāganga	aziganganga	ezingaganganga	zingaganganga
Class 11	lwāganga	olwāganga	lwāganga	aluganganga	olungaganganga	lungaganganga
Class 14	bāganga	obāganga	bāganga	abuganganga	obungaganganga	bungaganganga
Class 15	kwāganga	okwāganga	kwāganga	akuganganga	okungaganganga	kungaganganga
Class 17	kwāganga	okwāganga	kwāganga	akuganganga	okungaganganga	kungaganganga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingaganga	—	ngingaganga	ngingegange	—	ngingegange
2nd singular	ungaganga	—	ungaganga	ungegange	—	ungegange
1st plural	singaganga	—	singaganga	singegange	—	singegange
2nd plural	ningaganga	—	ningaganga	ningegange	—	ningegange
Class 1	angaganga	—	engaganga	angegange	—	engegange
Class 2	bangaganga	—	bengaganga	bangegange	—	bengegange
Class 3	ungaganga	—	ungaganga	ungegange	—	ungegange
Class 4	ingaganga	—	ingaganga	ingegange	—	ingegange
Class 5	lingaganga	—	lingaganga	lingegange	—	lingegange
Class 6	angaganga	—	engaganga	angegange	—	engegange
Class 7	singaganga	—	singaganga	singegange	—	singegange
Class 8	zingaganga	—	zingaganga	zingegange	—	zingegange
Class 9	ingaganga	—	ingaganga	ingegange	—	ingegange
Class 10	zingaganga	—	zingaganga	zingegange	—	zingegange
Class 11	lungaganga	—	lungaganga	lungegange	—	lungegange
Class 14	bungaganga	—	bungaganga	bungegange	—	bungegange
Class 15	kungaganga	—	kungaganga	kungegange	—	kungegange
Class 17	kungaganga	—	kungaganga	kungegange	—	kungegange
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizoganga	engizoganga	ngizoganga	angizuganga	engingezuganga	ngingezuganga
2nd singular	uzoganga	ozoganga	uzoganga	awuzuganga	ongezuganga	ungezuganga
1st plural	sizoganga	esizoganga	sizoganga	asizuganga	esingezuganga	singezuganga
2nd plural	nizoganga	enizoganga	nizoganga	anizuganga	eningezuganga	ningezuganga
Class 1	uzoganga	ozoganga	ezoganga	akazuganga	ongezuganga	engezuganga
Class 2	bazoganga	abazoganga	bezoganga	abazuganga	abangezuganga	bengezuganga
Class 3	uzoganga	ozoganga	uzoganga	awuzuganga	ongezuganga	ungezuganga
Class 4	izoganga	ezoganga	izoganga	ayizuganga	engezuganga	ingezuganga
Class 5	lizoganga	elizoganga	lizoganga	alizuganga	elingezuganga	lingezuganga
Class 6	azoganga	azoganga	ezoganga	awazuganga	angezuganga	engezuganga
Class 7	sizoganga	esizoganga	sizoganga	asizuganga	esingezuganga	singezuganga
Class 8	zizoganga	ezizoganga	zizoganga	azizuganga	ezingezuganga	zingezuganga
Class 9	izoganga	ezoganga	izoganga	ayizuganga	engezuganga	ingezuganga
Class 10	zizoganga	ezizoganga	zizoganga	azizuganga	ezingezuganga	zingezuganga
Class 11	luzoganga	oluzoganga	luzoganga	aluzuganga	olungezuganga	lungezuganga
Class 14	buzoganga	obuzoganga	buzoganga	abuzuganga	obungezuganga	bungezuganga
Class 15	kuzoganga	okuzoganga	kuzoganga	akuzuganga	okungezuganga	kungezuganga
Class 17	kuzoganga	okuzoganga	kuzoganga	akuzuganga	okungezuganga	kungezuganga
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyoganga	engiyoganga	ngiyoganga	angiyuganga	engingeyuganga	ngingeyuganga
2nd singular	uyoganga	oyoganga	uyoganga	awuyuganga	ongeyuganga	ungeyuganga
1st plural	siyoganga	esiyoganga	siyoganga	asiyuganga	esingeyuganga	singeyuganga
2nd plural	niyoganga	eniyoganga	niyoganga	aniyuganga	eningeyuganga	ningeyuganga
Class 1	uyoganga	oyoganga	eyoganga	akayuganga	ongeyuganga	engeyuganga
Class 2	bayoganga	abayoganga	beyoganga	abayuganga	abangeyuganga	bengeyuganga
Class 3	uyoganga	oyoganga	uyoganga	awuyuganga	ongeyuganga	ungeyuganga
Class 4	iyoganga	eyoganga	iyoganga	ayiyuganga	engeyuganga	ingeyuganga
Class 5	liyoganga	eliyoganga	liyoganga	aliyuganga	elingeyuganga	lingeyuganga
Class 6	ayoganga	ayoganga	eyoganga	awayuganga	angeyuganga	engeyuganga
Class 7	siyoganga	esiyoganga	siyoganga	asiyuganga	esingeyuganga	singeyuganga
Class 8	ziyoganga	eziyoganga	ziyoganga	aziyuganga	ezingeyuganga	zingeyuganga
Class 9	iyoganga	eyoganga	iyoganga	ayiyuganga	engeyuganga	ingeyuganga
Class 10	ziyoganga	eziyoganga	ziyoganga	aziyuganga	ezingeyuganga	zingeyuganga
Class 11	luyoganga	oluyoganga	luyoganga	aluyuganga	olungeyuganga	lungeyuganga
Class 14	buyoganga	obuyoganga	buyoganga	abuyuganga	obungeyuganga	bungeyuganga
Class 15	kuyoganga	okuyoganga	kuyoganga	akuyuganga	okungeyuganga	kungeyuganga
Class 17	kuyoganga	okuyoganga	kuyoganga	akuyuganga	okungeyuganga	kungeyuganga
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngigange	ngingagangi
2nd singular	ugange	ungagangi
1st plural	sigange	singagangi
2nd plural	nigange	ningagangi
Class 1	agange	angagangi
Class 2	bagange	bangagangi
Class 3	ugange	ungagangi
Class 4	igange	ingagangi
Class 5	ligange	lingagangi
Class 6	agange	angagangi
Class 7	sigange	singagangi
Class 8	zigange	zingagangi
Class 9	igange	ingagangi
Class 10	zigange	zingagangi
Class 11	lugange	lungagangi
Class 14	bugange	bungagangi
Class 15	kugange	kungagangi
Class 17	kugange	kungagangi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngaganga	ngangaganga, angaganga, angangaganga
2nd singular	waganga	wangaganga, awaganga, awangaganga
1st plural	saganga	sangaganga, asaganga, asangaganga
2nd plural	naganga	nangaganga, anaganga, anangaganga
Class 1	waganga	wangaganga, akaganga, akangaganga
Class 2	baganga	bangaganga, abaganga, abangaganga
Class 3	waganga	wangaganga, awaganga, awangaganga
Class 4	yaganga	yangaganga, ayaganga, ayangaganga
Class 5	laganga	langaganga, alaganga, alangaganga
Class 6	aganga	angaganga, awaganga, awangaganga
Class 7	saganga	sangaganga, asaganga, asangaganga
Class 8	zaganga	zangaganga, azaganga, azangaganga
Class 9	yaganga	yangaganga, ayaganga, ayangaganga
Class 10	zaganga	zangaganga, azaganga, azangaganga
Class 11	lwaganga	lwangaganga, alwaganga, alwangaganga
Class 14	baganga	bangaganga, abaganga, abangaganga
Class 15	kwaganga	kwangaganga, akwaganga, akwangaganga
Class 17	kwaganga	kwangaganga, akwaganga, akwangaganga

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ganga”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ganga (6.6.3)”