góra
Kalasha
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Adjective
[edit]góra
Noun
[edit]góra
Kashubian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gora.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]góra f
Further reading
[edit]- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “gòra”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 42
- Jan Trepczyk (1994) “góra”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volume 1, page 185
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “góra”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[1], volume 1, page 463
- “góra”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Lower Sorbian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gora.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]góra f inan (diminutive górka)
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “góra”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “góra¹”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gora with unexpected lengthening of -o-. First attested in the 15th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]góra f (diminutive górka, related adjective górny)
- (attested in Lesser Poland) mountain
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][2], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 2, 6:
- Ale ia postawon iesm crol od nego na Syon, gorze swøtey (super Sion, montem sanctum) iego
- [Ale ja postawion jeśm krol od niego na Syjon, gorze świętej (super Sion, montem sanctum) jego]
- 1901 [1471], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 124:
- Valem, gorą, przekopem vallo (quia venient dies in te et circumdabunt te inimici tui vallo, et circumdabunt te Luc 19, 43)
- [Wałem, gorą, przekopem vallo (quia venient dies in te et circumdabunt te inimici tui vallo, et circumdabunt te Luc 19, 43)]
- mountainside forest (woodland on the slope of a mountain)
- 1856-1870 [1400], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki[3], volume VIII, number 9693:
- Pro silua dicta gora in Dobronouice
- [Pro silua dicta gora in Dobronowice]
- (attested in Silesia) top; up (higher part of something; upward direction)
- (attested in Lesser Poland) upper hand, advantage (condition, circumstance, opportunity or means, particularly favorable or chance to success, or to any desired end)
- 1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I[5], Lesser Poland, page 33:
- Ale ysze taczy zlosnyczy kv odpyranyv swey zlosczy wząly sobye w obyczay myeszkacz w myesczech abo we wsyach, gdzesz to by syą nyemyeczskym prawem odpyraly, a tako cząstokrocz swą chytrosczą od smyerczy wychodzą, przeto chczem, aby zly gori nye myal, ale wszady potąpyon
- [Ale iże tacy złośnicy ku odpiraniu swej złości wzięli sobie w obyczaj mieszkać w mieściech abo we wsiach, gdzież to by się niemiecskim prawem odpirali, a tako częstokroć swą chytrością od śmierci wychodzą, przeto chcem, aby zły gory nie miał, ale wszędy potępion.]
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “góra”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “góra”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- Mańczak, Witold (2017) “góra”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “góra”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “góra”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish góra. Sense 5 is preserved in terms such as górnik and was displaced by kopalnia.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ura
- Syllabification: gó‧ra
- Homophones: Góra, Gura
Noun
[edit]góra f (diminutive górka, abbreviation g.)
- (countable) mountain (elevation of land of considerable dimensions rising more or less abruptly, forming a conspicuous figure in the landscape, usually having a small extent of surface at its summit)
- Klasztor znajdował się na szczycie wysokiej góry. ― The monastery was situated on the top of a high mountain.
- (uncountable) top (higher part of some object; upmost part of something)
- Antonym: dół
- Góra strony powinna być pusta. ― The top of the page should be empty.
- (uncountable) upstairs; attic
- (colloquial) higher-ups
- Synonym: władza
- Nie pomogę wam w tym projekcie, dopóki góra go nie przyklepie. ― I won't help you with this project until the higher-ups sign off on it.
- (uncountable, music) upper range of a singer
- (countable, obsolete) upper course of a river
- Hypernym: bieg
- (countable, Middle Polish) beginning, start (first part of something; top of a piece of text)
- Synonym: początek
- (countable) pile (collection of things one on top of the other)
- (in the plural) mountains, mountain range
- (countable, obsolete) mine (place for extracting resources)
- Synonym: kopalnia
- obiecać złote góry/obiecywać złote góry ― to promise the moon (literally, “to promise golden mines”)
- (countable, obsolete, except in set phrases) upper hand, advantage (condition, circumstance, opportunity or means, particularly favorable or chance to success, or to any desired end)
- Synonym: przewaga
- wziąć górę/brać górę ― to get the better of
- (countable, Middle Polish, geography) cape (piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into a sea or lake)
- Synonym: przylądek
- (Middle Polish) surface (external part of something)
- Synonym: wierzch
- (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- 1501-1558, Zapiski i roty polskie[6], page 1505 nr 2000:
- Iakosz thy nam czlovyekya […] sz gory szvrzadem wszyal wszwoya cząscz crą czyreyowska thamo wgorze podla poszw gwalthem.
- [Jakoś ty nam człowiekia […] z góry szurzadem usiał w szwoja cześć crą czyrejowska tamo w górze podla poszw gwałtem.]
- 1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius[7], page 21:
- Mons pharetratus […] Der Kocherſberg. Sárczaná gorá.
- [Mons pharetratus […] Der Kocherſberg. Siarczana góra.]
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- bomba poszła w górę pf, bomba idzie w górę impf
- być górą impf
- leżeć do góry brzuchem impf
- móc przenosić góry impf
- patrzeć z góry impf
- pójść w górę pf, iśc w górę impf
- równać w górę impf
- wziąć górę pf, brać górę impf
- górować impf
Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), góra is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 46 times in scientific texts, 10 times in news, 16 times in essays, 66 times in fiction, and 34 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 172 times, making it the 334th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Particle
[edit]góra
- at most, tops
- Synonym: najwyżej
- Skończę za dwa, góra trzy dni. ― I'll finish in two, three days at most.
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- góra I in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- góra II in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- góra in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “gora”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “góra”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “góra”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “góra”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 887
Slovincian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gora.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]góra f (diminutive górka, related adjective górny or górzëszczô)
- mountain (elevation of land of considerable dimensions rising more or less abruptly, forming a conspicuous figure in the landscape, usually having a small extent of surface at its summit)
Further reading
[edit]- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “gȯ́u̯ră”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[8] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 287
- Kalasha terms inherited from Sanskrit
- Kalasha terms derived from Sanskrit
- Kalasha lemmas
- Kalasha adjectives
- Kalasha nouns
- kls:Colors
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Kashubian/ora
- Rhymes:Kashubian/ora/2 syllables
- Kashubian lemmas
- Kashubian nouns
- Kashubian feminine nouns
- csb:Landforms
- csb:Mountains
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian nouns
- Lower Sorbian feminine nouns
- Lower Sorbian inanimate nouns
- dsb:Landforms
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish nouns
- Old Polish feminine nouns
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Silesia Old Polish
- zlw-opl:Landforms
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ura
- Rhymes:Polish/ura/2 syllables
- Polish terms with homophones
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish feminine nouns
- Polish countable nouns
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish uncountable nouns
- Polish colloquialisms
- pl:Music
- Polish terms with obsolete senses
- Middle Polish
- Polish terms with collocations
- pl:Geography
- Polish terms with uncertain meaning
- Polish terms with quotations
- Polish particles
- pl:Landforms
- pl:Mining
- pl:Mountains
- pl:Places
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Slovincian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Slovincian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Slovincian/a
- Rhymes:Slovincian/a/1 syllable
- Slovincian lemmas
- Slovincian nouns
- Slovincian feminine nouns
- zlw-slv:Landforms
- zlw-slv:Mountains