ruka

See also: Ruka, rúka, and rūka

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈruka]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ru‧ka
• Rhymes: -uka

Noun

ruka f (relational adjective ruční, diminutive ručka)

1. hand

   Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa

   kreslit od ruky ― to draw free-hand

   črtat od ruky ― to sketch free-hand

   dát do ruky ― to hand something to someone

Declension

Declension of ruka

	singular	plural	dual
nominative	ruka	ruce	ruce
genitive	ruky	ruk	rukou
dative	ruce	rukám	rukám
accusative	ruku	ruce	ruce
vocative	ruko	ruce	ruce
locative	ruce	rukách	rukou, rukách
instrumental	rukou	rukami	rukama

Related terms

(adjectives):

• bezruký
• příruční
• zručný

(nouns):

• příručka
• ručenka
• ručička
• ručinka
• ručka
• ručnice
• ručník
• rukavice
• rukáv
• rukojeť
• rukověť

(verbs):

• být ruka v rukávě
• doručit
• lomit rukama
• ručit
• zaručit
• žít z ruky do huby

Further reading

• “ruka”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “ruka”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “ruka”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ukɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): ru‧ka

Noun

ruka (dialectal, South Karelia, Tavastia, Ingria)

1. dried, hardened resin

   Synonyms: kuivunut pihka, kovettunut pihka

Declension

Inflection of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k-∅ gradation)
nominative		ruka	ruat
genitive		ruan	rukien
partitive		rukaa	rukia
illative		rukaan	rukiin
		singular	plural
nominative		ruka	ruat
accusative	nom.	ruka	ruat
	gen.	ruan
genitive		ruan	rukien rukain rare
partitive		rukaa	rukia
inessive		ruassa	ruissa
elative		ruasta	ruista
illative		rukaan	rukiin
adessive		rualla	ruilla
ablative		rualta	ruilta
allative		rualle	ruille
essive		rukana	rukina
translative		ruaksi	ruiksi
abessive		ruatta	ruitta
instructive		—	ruin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k-∅ gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rukani rukani accusative nom. rukani rukani gen. rukani genitive rukani rukieni rukaini rare partitive rukaani rukiani inessive ruassani ruissani elative ruastani ruistani illative rukaani rukiini adessive ruallani ruillani ablative rualtani ruiltani allative rualleni ruilleni essive rukanani rukinani translative ruakseni ruikseni abessive ruattani ruittani instructive — — comitative — rukineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rukasi rukasi accusative nom. rukasi rukasi gen. rukasi genitive rukasi rukiesi rukaisi rare partitive rukaasi rukiasi inessive ruassasi ruissasi elative ruastasi ruistasi illative rukaasi rukiisi adessive ruallasi ruillasi ablative rualtasi ruiltasi allative ruallesi ruillesi essive rukanasi rukinasi translative ruaksesi ruiksesi abessive ruattasi ruittasi instructive — — comitative — rukinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rukamme rukamme accusative nom. rukamme rukamme gen. rukamme genitive rukamme rukiemme rukaimme rare partitive rukaamme rukiamme inessive ruassamme ruissamme elative ruastamme ruistamme illative rukaamme rukiimme adessive ruallamme ruillamme ablative rualtamme ruiltamme allative ruallemme ruillemme essive rukanamme rukinamme translative ruaksemme ruiksemme abessive ruattamme ruittamme instructive — — comitative — rukinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rukanne rukanne accusative nom. rukanne rukanne gen. rukanne genitive rukanne rukienne rukainne rare partitive rukaanne rukianne inessive ruassanne ruissanne elative ruastanne ruistanne illative rukaanne rukiinne adessive ruallanne ruillanne ablative rualtanne ruiltanne allative ruallenne ruillenne essive rukananne rukinanne translative ruaksenne ruiksenne abessive ruattanne ruittanne instructive — — comitative — rukinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative rukansa rukansa accusative nom. rukansa rukansa gen. rukansa genitive rukansa rukiensa rukainsa rare partitive rukaansa rukiaan rukiansa inessive ruassaan ruassansa ruissaan ruissansa elative ruastaan ruastansa ruistaan ruistansa illative rukaansa rukiinsa adessive ruallaan ruallansa ruillaan ruillansa ablative rualtaan rualtansa ruiltaan ruiltansa allative rualleen ruallensa ruilleen ruillensa essive rukanaan rukanansa rukinaan rukinansa translative ruakseen ruaksensa ruikseen ruiksensa abessive ruattaan ruattansa ruittaan ruittansa instructive — — comitative — rukineen rukinensa

Derived terms

• Rukatunturi

Ingrian

Ruka.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈruɡ̊ɑ]
• Rhymes: -ukɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

ruka

1. (hardened) resin

Declension

Declension of ruka (type 3/koira, k- gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruka	ruat
genitive	ruan	rukkiin
partitive	rukkaa	rukkia
illative	rukkaa	rukkii
inessive	ruas	ruis
elative	ruast	ruist
allative	rualle	ruille
adessive	rual	ruil
ablative	rualt	ruilt
translative	ruaks	ruiks
essive	rukanna, rukkaan	rukinna, rukkiin
exessive1)	rukant	rukint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• ruakas

See also

• pihka (“liquid resin”)

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

Lower Sorbian

ruce

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f (diminutive rucka)

1. hand
2. arm

Declension

Declension of ruka

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ruka	ruce	ruki
Genitive	ruki	rukowu	rukow
Dative	ruce	rukoma	rukam
Accusative	ruku	ruce	ruki
Instrumental	ruku	rukoma	rukami
Locative	ruce	rukoma	rukach

Related terms

• rukajca f

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Mapudungun

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

ruka (Raguileo spelling)

1. house

Descendants

• Spanish: ruca

References

• Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈruka/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f

1. hand

Declension

Declension of ruka (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ruka	rucě	ruky
genitive	ruky	rukú	ruk
dative	rucě	rukama	rukám
accusative	ruku	rucě	ruky
vocative	ruko	rucě	ruky
locative	rucě	rukú	rukách
instrumental	rukú	rukama	rukami

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Descendants

• Czech: ruka

Further reading

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “ruka”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)

1. to vomit, to puke

Further reading

• “kuruka” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• roka (Kajkavian)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rǔːka/
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка, diminutive rùčica, augmentative ručètina, relational adjective rȕčnī)

1. arm
2. hand

   Synonym: šȁka

   rukom u ruci ― hand in hand

Declension

Declension of ruka

	singular	plural
nominative	rúka	rȗke
genitive	rúkē	rȕkū / rùkū / rúkā
dative	rúci / rȗci	rùkama
accusative	rȗku	rȗke
vocative	rȗko	rȗke
locative	rúci	rùkama
instrumental	rúkōm	rùkama

Note: the genitive plural rúkā is colloquial.

Derived terms

• pȍruka
• rùčica
• rȕčka
• rȕčnik
• rùkāv
• rukàvica
• rȕkohvāt
• rȕkoljūb
• rȕkomēt
• rȕkopīs
• rukopolágati
• rȕkovati
• rȕkovēt
• rukovòditi
• zȃruke

Further reading

• “ruka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rǔːkḁ/

Noun

ruka f

1. hand

Declension

    declension of ruka (series-2b fem)

	singular	plural
nominative	ruka	ruke
genitive	ruke	ruk, ruki
dative	ruku	rukami, ruki
accusative	ruku	ruke
locative	ruku	ruke
instrumental	rukom	rukami, ruki

References

• Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈruka]

Noun

ruka f (relational adjective ručný, diminutive rúčka or ručička)

1. arm (upper limb)

   Synonym: rameno

2. hand (with opposable thumb)
3. a device similar to a hand or functioning as one

   drevená ruka ― a wooden hand (artificial limb)

4. handwriting

Declension

Declension of ruka (pattern žena)

	singular	plural
nominative	ruka	ruky
genitive	ruky	rúk
dative	ruke	rukám
accusative	ruku	ruky
locative	ruke	rukách
instrumental	rukou	rukami

Derived terms

• záruka f
• zručný

Further reading

• “ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)

1. to jump
2. to fly
3. to transgress
4. to denounce
5. to shrink clothes

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ruka
Positive present -naruka Subjunctive -ruke Negative -ruki Imperative singular ruka
Infinitives
Positive kuruka Negative kutoruka
Imperatives
Singular ruka Plural rukeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huruka Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka) Singular Plural 1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka 2nd person unaruka mnaruka 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki) Singular Plural 1st person siruki haturuki 2nd person huruki hamruki 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke) Singular Plural 1st person niruke turuke 2nd person uruke mruke 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka) Singular Plural 1st person naruka twaruka 2nd person waruka mwaruka 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka pa(XVI) paruka mu(XVIII) mwaruka
Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka "Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka "If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -niruka -turuka 2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka pa(XVI) -paruka mu(XVIII) -muruka Reflexive -jiruka
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -rukako pa(XVI) -rukapo mu(XVIII) -rukamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koruka pa(XVI) -poruka mu(XVIII) -moruka
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -rukia
  • Causative: -rukisha
  • Passive: -rukwa
  • Reciprocal: -rukana
  • Stative: -rukika

• Nominal derivations:
  • mrukaji (“jumper”)
  • urukaji (“jumping”)

Ternate

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɾu.ka/

Verb

ruka

1. to wrench

Conjugation

Conjugation of ruka

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		toruka	foruka	miruka
2nd person		noruka	niruka
3rd person	masculine	oruka	iruka yoruka (archaic)
	feminine	moruka
	neuter	iruka

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫkà.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʀuka/
• Rhymes: -uka
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka
• Syllabification: ru‧ka

Noun

ruka f (anatomy)

1. hand (organ at the end of the upper limbs of man, which is used especially for grasping)
2. arm (part of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints)

Declension

Declension of ruka (feminine velar stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ruka	ruce	ruki
genitive	ruki	rukow	rukow
dative	ruce	rukomaj	rukam
accusative	ruku	ruce	ruki
instrumental	ruku	rukomaj	rukami
locative	ruce	rukomaj	rukach
vocative	ruka	ruce	ruki

References

• “ruka” in Soblex