benaid

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *binati (“to strike, hit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈbʲenɨðʲ]

Verb

benaid (conjunct ·ben, verbal noun béim or bíth)

1. to hit, strike
   • c. 700–800 Táin Bó Cúailnge, published in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Recension I (1976, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Cecile O'Rahilly, TBC-I 1353

     Bentai Cú Chulaind cona chlaidiub asa díb n-axalaib co torchair a étach de, ⁊ ní forbai ima chnes.

     Cú Chulainn struck him [Etarcomol] with his sword under his armpits so that his garments fell off of him, yet he did not cut into his skin.

   • c. 760 Blathmac mac Con Brettan, published in "A study of the lexicon of the poems of Blathmac Son of Cú Brettan" (2017; PhD thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth), edited and with translations by Siobhán Barrett, stanza 51

     Bíthi cloï tria chossa,   alaili tria bánbossa.

     Nails were driven through his feet, others through his white palms.

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 39^a19

     nu·n-ailte .i. no·mbethe son.

     that he be struck, i.e. that he be beaten.

Conjugation

Simple, class B IV present, reduplicated preterite, i future, a subjunctive

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.	Passive pl.
Present indicative	Abs.	benaim	benai	benaid; bentai (with suffixed pronoun -i)			benait	benir, benair
	Conj.	·rubaim (ro-form)		·ben			·benat		·bentar
	Rel.			benas				benar
Imperfect indicative				·benad			·bentais
Preterite	Abs.	béo		bí					bíthai
	Conj.			·bí			·béotar	·bíth	·bítha
	Rel.			bie
Perfect	Deut.			ro·bí			ro·béotar	ro·bíth	ro·bítha
	Prot.	·ruba	·ruba	·rubai			·rubatar	·rubad
Future	Abs.	biu		bíthus (with suffixed pronoun -us)
	Conj.	·biu							·biter
	Rel.
Conditional				·biad				·bithe
Present subjunctive	Abs.							bethir	betir
	Conj.		·rubai (ro-form)	·bia				·bether; ·ruibther (ro-form)
	Rel.
Past subjunctive				·rubad (prototonic ro-form)			ro·betais (deuterotonic ro-form); ·rubaitis, ·rubtais (prototonic ro-form)	·bethae
Imperative			ben	benad		benaid	benat	benar
Verbal noun		béim; bíth
Past participle		bíthe
Verbal of necessity		bethi

Derived terms

• ar·díben
• do·fuiben
• do·immdiben
• do·rorban (“to hinder”)
• eter·diben
• for·ben
• fo·ben
• imm·díben
• ind·árban

 

Descendants

• Irish: bain

Mutation

Mutation of benaid

radical	lenition	nasalization
benaid	benaid pronounced with /β(ʲ)-/	mbenaid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “benaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages] (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 461