User:Scarletmarisol/English Swadesh lists

This showcases the evolution of English.

See also: Indo-European Swadesh lists

List

№	English	English English edit (207)	Middle English Englisch edit (207)	Old English Ænglisċ edit (207)	Proto-West Germanic edit (207)	Proto-Germanic edit (207)	Proto-Indo-European edit (207)
1	I (1sg)	I	I	iċ	*ik	*ek	*éǵh₂
2	you (2sg)	you	thou	þū	*þū	*þū	*túh, *te
3	he, she, it (3sg)	he*, she*, they*, it*	he	hē	*iʀ	*iz	*ís, *íh₂, *íd
4	we (1pl)	we	we	wē	*wiʀ	*wīz	*wéy
5	you (2pl)	you	yow	ġē	*jiʀ	*jūz	*yū, *yú
6	they (3pl)	they	þei*, he*	hīe	*hiʀ	*iz	*éyes
7	this	this	þis, þes	þēs*, þēos*, þis*	*hiu	*hiz	*só, *séh₂, *tód
8	that	that	that	sē*, sēo*, þæt*	*þat	*sa	*yós, *yéh₂, *yód
9	here	here	her	hēr	*hēr	*hē₂r	*ḱi
10	there	there	there	þǣr	*þār	*þar	*h₂en
11	who	who	who	hwā	*hwaʀ	*hwaz	*kʷis (pron.), *kʷod (adj.)
12	what	what	what, hwat	hwæt	*hwat	*hwat	*kʷis
13	where	where	wher	hwǣr	*hwār	*hwar	*kʷesmi
14	when	when	whanne, whenne	hwænne	*hwan	*hwan	*kʷodéh₂
15	how	how	how	hū	*hwō	*hwō	*kʷónoh₁, *kʷéy, *kʷih₁
16	not	not	ne, nought	ne	*ne	*ne	*n̥-, *ne
17	all	all	all	eall	*all	*allaz
18	many	many	mani	maniġ, fela	*manag	*managaz	*monogʰo-
19	some	some	som	sum	*sum	*sumaz	*kaylo-, *solwo-
20	few	few	fewe	fēaw, lȳt	*fau	*fawaz	*peh₂w-
21	other	other	other	ōþer	*anþar	*anþeraz, *aljaz	*h₂élyos, *h₂el-nó-
22	one	one	oon, oo	ān	*ain	*ainaz	*(H)óynos, *(H)óykos, *(H)óywos, *sḗm
23	two	two	two	twēġen	*twai-	*twai	*dwóh₁; *dwó
24	three	three	thre	þrī	*þrīʀ	*þrīz	*tréyes
25	four	four	four	fēower	*feuwar	*fedwōr	*kʷetwóres
26	five	five	five	fīf	*fimf	*fimf	*pénkʷe
27	big	big	large, grete	miċel	*mikil	*mikilaz	*méǵh₂s
28	long	long	long	lang	*lang	*langaz	*dl̥h₁gʰós
29	wide	wide	brood, wyd	wīd, brād	*braid	*wīdaz, *braidaz	*stelh₃ós
30	thick	thick	thikke	þicce	*þekuz	*þekuz	*bʰenǵʰ, *tégus
31	heavy	heavy	hevy	hefiġ	*swār	*kuruz, *swēraz	*gʷréh₂us
32	small	small	smal	lȳtel	*smal	*smalaz, *lītilaz	*mey-
33	short	short	schort	sċort	*skurt	*skurtaz	*mréǵʰus, *(s)ker-
34	narrow	narrow	narwe	nearu	*angī	*anguz, *narwaz	*h₂enǵʰ-
35	thin	thin	thinne	þynne	*þunnī	*þunnuz	*ténh₂us
36	woman	woman	womman, wif	wīf*	*kwenā	*kwenǭ	*gʷḗn, *h₁esor-
37	man (adult male)	man	wer, gome, man	wer	*gumō, *wer	*gumô, *weraz	*h₂nḗr, *wiHrós
38	man (human being)	person, human, man*	man, persoun	mann	*mann	*manô	*mon-, *ǵʰmṓ
39	child	child	child, barn	ċild, bearn	*barn, *kind	*barną, *kinþą	*ǵénh₁mn̥
40	wife	wife	wif	wīf*	*wīb	*kwēniz	*pótnih₂
41	husband	husband	husbonde	wer, ċeorl	*brūdigumō	*brūdigumô, *weraz, *abô	*wiHrós, *pótis
42	mother	mother	moder	mōdor	*mōder	*mōdēr	*méh₂tēr
43	father	father	fader	fæder	*fader, attō	*fadēr, *attô	*átta, *ph₂tḗr
44	animal	animal	beeste, animal, der	nīeten	*deuʀ	*deuzą	*dʰewsóm, *ǵʰwer-
45	fish	fish	fisch	fisċ	*fisk	*fiskaz	*dʰǵʰu-, *peysḱ-
46	bird	bird	fowel, brid	fugol	*fugl	*fuglaz	*h₂éwis
47	dog	dog	hound	hund	*hund	*hundaz	*ḱwṓ
48	louse	louse	lous	lūs	*lūs	*lūs	*ḱ(o)nid-, *lewH-
49	snake	snake	snake	nǣdre	*snakō, *wurmi	*snakô, *slangô, *nadraz	*h₂éngʷʰis, *(s)neh₁tr-
50	worm	worm	worm	wyrm	*wurmi	*wurmiz	*wr̥mis
51	tree	tree	tre	trēow	*treu	*trewą	*dóru*
52	forest	forest	wald, frith, forest	wudu	*walþu, *furhiþi, holt, *hursti, *widu	*furhiþą, *walþuz, *furhō, *skōgaz, *widuz
53	stick	stick	stikke	sticca	*stikkō, *stokk	*stikkô, *stukkaz	*ǵʰasto-
54	fruit	fruit	fruyt, ovet	wæstm	*obaet, *applu, *fruht	*akraną, *ubatją
55	seed	seed	seed	sǣd	*sādi, *sād, *sāmō	*sēdiz, *sēmô	*séh₁mn̥
56	leaf	leaf	blad, leef	lēaf	*laub	*laubą	*lewbʰ-, *bʰolh₃yom
57	root	root	rote	wyrttruma	*wurti	*wrōts	*wréh₂ds
58	bark (of a tree)	bark	rind, bark	rind	*rindā	*barkuz, *rindǭ	*bʰérHǵos
59	flower	flower	flour, blosme	blōstma	*blōmō	*blōmô	*bʰleh₃-
60	grass	grass	gras	gærs	*gras	*grasą	*koyno-
61	rope	rope	rop, line	rāp	*raip	*raipaz	*roypnós
62	skin	skin	hide, skyn	hȳd	*fell	*fellą	*pel-, *twékos
63	meat	meat	flesh	flǣsċ	*flaiski	*mimzą	*mḗms, *krewh₂-
64	blood	blood	blood	blōd	*blōd	*blōþą	*krewh₂-, *h₁ésh₂r̥
65	bone	bone	bon	bān	*bain	*bainą	*h₂óst, *kost-
66	fat (noun)	fat	fat	rysel	*smalt	*faitą, *smultą	*smérus
67	egg	egg	ey, æȝe, eg	ǣġ	*ajj	*ajją	*h₂ōwyóm
68	horn	horn	horn	horn	*horn	*hurną	*ḱr̥nom, *ḱerh₂(s), *ḱerh₂sr̥, *koru
69	tail	tail	tayl	tæġl, steort	*stertaz	*stertaz	*dewmbʰ-, *ul
70	feather	feather	feþer	feþer	*feþrō	*feþrō	*péth₂r̥
71	hair	hair	her	hǣr	*tagl, *hār	*hērą, *taglą	*pulh₂-
72	head	head	heed, pate	hēafod	*haubud	*haubudą	*káput-, *gʰebʰelo-
73	ear	ear	ere	ēare	*auʀā	*ausô	*h₂ṓws
74	eye	eye	eie	ēage	*augā	*augô	*h₃ókʷs
75	nose	nose	nose	nosu	*nasu	*nusō, *nasō	*Hnéh₂s
76	mouth	mouth	mouth	mūþ	*munþ	*munþaz	*h₃éh₁os
77	tooth	tooth	tothe	tōþ	*tanþ	*tanþs	*h₃dónts, *ǵómbʰos
78	tongue (organ)	tongue	tonge	tunge	*tungā	*tungǭ	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s
79	fingernail	nail, fingernail	nayl	næġl	*nagl	*naglaz	*h₃negʰ-
80	foot	foot	fot	fōt	*fōt	*fōts	*pṓds
81	leg	leg	schanke, leg	sċanca	*bain	*lagjaz, *bainą	*kónh₂m
82	knee	knee	kne	cnēow	*kneu	*knewą	*ǵónu
83	hand	hand	hond	hand	*handu	*handuz	*ǵʰésr̥, *mar-
84	wing	wing	winge	fiþre	*flugilō	*wēingaz, *flugilaz, *fiþriją	*péth₂r̥
85	belly	belly, stomach	bouk, bely	wamb	*būk, *magō, *wambō	*būkaz	*úderos
86	guts	guts, intestines	tharm, guttes	þearmas*	*þarm	*garnō, *þarmaz	*eh₁ter-
87	neck	neck	hals, nekke	swēora	*hals	*hnakkô, *halsaz	*mon-
88	back	back	rigge, bak	hryċġ	*bak, *bakō	*baką
89	breast	breast, chest	brest	brēost	*breust, *brust	*breustą, *brusts	*peg-, *pstḗn
90	heart	heart	herte	heorte	*hertā	*hertô	*ḱḗr*
91	liver	liver	lyvere	lifer	*libru	*librō	*Hyékʷr̥
92	to drink	drink	drinken	drincan	*drinkan	*drinkaną	*píph₃eti, *h₁egʷʰ-
93	to eat	eat	eten	etan	*etan	*etaną	*h₁ed-
94	to bite	bite	biten	bītan	*bītan	*bītaną	*denḱ-, *h₁ed-
95	to suck	suck	souken	sūcan	*sūgan	*sūganą	*dʰeh₁(y)-
96	to spit	spit	spitten	spǣtan	*spīwan	*spīwaną	*sp(y)ew-
97	to vomit	vomit, throw up	spewen	spīwan	*spīwan	*spīwaną	*wemh₁-, *h₁reug-
98	to blow	blow	blowen	blāwan	*wāa, *blāan, *blāsan	*wēaną	*h₂weh₁-
99	to breathe	breathe	ethien, brethen	ēþian	*anþijan, *hīgōn	*anþijaną	*pnew-
100	to laugh	laugh	laughen	hliehhan	*hlahhjan	*hlahjaną	*(s)mey-
101	to see	see	seen	ġesēon	*sehwan	*sehwaną	*derḱ-, *weyd-
102	to hear	hear	heren	ġehīeran	*hauʀijan	*hauzijaną	*ḱlew-
103	to know	know	witen, knowen, cunnen	witan*, cunnan*	*knāan, *witan	*knēaną, *kunnaną, *witaną	*ǵneh₃-, *ǵnéh₃-sḱ-, *weyd-
104	to think	think	thinken	þenċan	*þankijan, *munan	*þankijaną, *hugjaną, *munaną	*memóne, *teng-
105	to smell	smell	smellen, stynken	ġestincan*, stincan*	*stinkwan	*smuljaną, *reukaną	*h₃ed-
106	to fear	fear	agasten, dreden	ondrǣdan	*furhtijan	*aganą	*h₂egʰ-
107	to sleep	sleep	slepen	slǣpan	*slāpan, *swefan	*slēpaną	*swep-, *drem-
108	to live	live	lyven	libban	*libbjan	*libjaną	*gʷeyh₃-
109	to die	die	sterven, deyen	sweltan	*dauwjan	*dawjaną	*mer-, *dʰew-
110	to kill	kill	quellen, sleyen, killen	ofslēan	*daudijan	*daudijaną	*gʷʰen-
111	to fight	fight	fighten	feohtan	*fehtan	*fehtaną	*keh₃-
112	to hunt	hunt	hunten	huntian	*jagōn	*waiþijaną, *jakkōną, *huntōną	*weyh₁-, *sekʷh₃-
113	to hit	hit	hitten	slēan	*slahan	*slahaną	*pleh₂k-
114	to cut	cut	scheren	snīþan	*maitan, *snīþan	*maitaną, *snīþaną	*kr̥t-
115	to split	split	cleven, parten, sonderen	tōclēofan	*splītan	*splītaną, *dailijaną	*skéydt, *skinédti
116	to stab	stab	percen, stingen, prikken	stingan, stician	*stekan	*stikaną	*dʰeygʷ-, *bʰod-
117	to scratch	scratch	scrapen, cracchen	clawian	*hrīban	*krattōną, *hrībaną	*gerbʰ-
118	to dig	dig	graven, delven, diggen	delfan	*graban	*grabaną	*dʰeygʷ-
119	to swim	swim	swymmen	swimman	*swimman	*swimmaną	*(s)neh₂-
120	to fly	fly	flien	flēogan	*fleugan	*fleuganą	*peth₂-, *gʷel-
121	to walk	walk	gon, gangen, walken, wenden	gān	*gangan	*ganganą, *gāną, *līþaną	*gʰredʰ-
122	to come	come	comen	cuman	*kweman	*kwemaną	*gʷémt, *gʷm̥sḱéti, *gʷeh₂-
123	to lie (as in a bed)	lie	lien	liċġan	*liggjan	*ligjaną	*légʰyeti, *ḱéytor
124	to sit	sit	sitten	sittan	*sittjan	*sitjaną	*sédt, *sísdeti
125	to stand	stand	standen	standan	*standan, *stān	*standaną, *stāną	*stéh₂t, *stestóh₂e, *stísteh₂ti
126	to turn (intransitive)	turn	turnen	wendan	*hwerban, *waibijan	*hwerbaną, *þrēaną	*wértti
127	to fall	fall	fallen	feallan	*fallan	*fallaną	*ḱh₂d-
128	to give	give	yiven, given*	sellan	*geban	*gebaną	*déh₃t, *dédeh₃ti
129	to hold	hold	holden	healdan	*haldan	*haldaną	*segʰ-
130	to squeeze	squeeze	wryngen, compressen	twenġan	*hnīpan	*hnīpaną	*pisd-, *werǵʰ-
131	to rub	rub	rubben, rudden	gnīdan	*nūwan, *hnīpan	*nūaną	*melh₂-
132	to wash	wash	wasshen	þwēan, wascan	*waskan, *þwahan	*þwahaną, *waskaną	*lewh₃-, *neygʷ-
133	to wipe	wipe	wipen	wīpian	*wīpōn	*wīpōną	*h₃merǵ-
134	to pull	pull	drawen, pullen	tēon	*togōn	*teuhaną, *draganą, *tugōną	*tragʰ-
135	to push	push	schoven, thresten	sċūfan	*þrukkijan, *skeuban	*þrukkijaną, *skeubaną
136	to throw	throw	werpen, throwen	weorpan	*werpan	*werpaną, *kastōną	*swep-
137	to tie	tie	teyen, binden, fasten	tīeġan	*bindan	*bindaną
138	to sew	sew	sewen	siwian	*siuwjan	*siwjaną, *nēaną	*syuh₁-
139	to count	count	counten, tellen	tellan	*talljan	*raþjaną	*dol-, *del-
140	to say	say	quethen, seien, speken	cweþan, seċġan	*kweþan, *saggjan	*kweþaną, *sagjaną	*sekʷ-, *wéwket
141	to sing	sing	singen	singan	*singwan	*singwaną	*kan-
142	to play	play	pleyen	plegian	*laikan	*laikaną
143	to float	float	fleten	flēotan	*flotōn, *fleutan	*flutōną, *fleutaną	*plew-
144	to flow	flow	flowen, yeten	flōwan	*freusan	*flōaną	*plew-
145	to freeze	freeze	fresen, congelen	frēosan	*freusan	*freusaną	*gel-
146	to swell	swell	swellen, bolnen	swellan	*swellan	*swellaną	*tewh₂-
147	sun	sun	sonne	sunne	*sunnā	*sunnǭ, *sōwulō	*sóh₂wl̥
148	moon	moon	mone	mōna	*mānō	*mēnô	*mḗh₁n̥s, *lówksneh₂
149	star	star	sterre	steorra	*sternō, *sterrō	*sternǭ	*h₂stḗr
150	water	water	water	wæter	*watōr	*watōr	*h₂ekʷeh₂, *h₂ep-, *wódr̥
151	rain	rain	reyn	reġn	*regn	*regną	*h₂ekmon
152	river	river	flod, strem, ryver	ēa	*ahu, *fleutō	*ahwō	*h₂ékʷeh₂
153	lake	lake	lake, mere	mere	*laku	*lakō	*h₂ep-
154	sea	sea	see	sǣ	*mari, *saiwi	*mari, *saiwiz	*móri
155	salt	salt	salt	sealt	*salt	*saltą	*séh₂ls
156	stone	stone	ston	stān	*stain	*stainaz	*h₂éḱmō
157	sand	sand	sand	sand	*samd, *sand	*samdaz	*sámh₂dʰos
158	dust	dust	dust	dust	*stubbju	*dustą, *stubjuz	*pers-
159	earth	earth	erthe	eorþe	*erþu	*erþō	*dʰéǵʰōm
160	cloud	cloud	cloud, sky	wolcn	*wolkn	*wulkaną, *melhmô	*nébʰos
161	fog	fog	myst	mist	*mist	*nebulaz, *mihstaz	*snewdʰ-
162	sky	sky	welken, skew, sky, lift	heofon	*hebun, *luftu, *himil	*himinaz	*dyḗws
163	wind	wind	wynd	wind	*wind	*windaz	*ḱewero-, *h₂wéh₁n̥ts
164	snow	snow	snow	snāw	*snaiw	*snaiwaz	*snóygʷʰos
165	ice	ice	is	īs	*īs	*īsą	*yeǵ-
166	smoke	smoke	smeke, smoke	smoca	*rauki	*raukiz	*dʰuh₂mós
167	fire	fire	fyr	fȳr	*fuir, *ail, *ailid	*fōr	*h₁eh₂ter-, *h₁n̥gʷnis, *péh₂wr̥
168	ash	ash	asshe	æsċe	*askā, uslijā	*askǭ	*h₃és-no-, *h₃és-i-
169	to burn	burn	brennen, bernen, swithen	birnan*, bærnan*	*brinnan	*brinnaną	*dʰegʷʰ-, *swel-, *h₁ews-
170	road	road	wey, strete, path	weġ, strǣt	*weg	*wegaz	*pónth₁s
171	mountain	mountain	mountayne, mount, hill	beorg, dūn, munt	*berg	*bergaz	*men-, *bʰerǵʰ-
172	red	red	red	rēad	*raud	*raudaz	*h₁rewdʰós
173	green	green	grene	grēne	*grōnī	*grōniz	*ǵʰelh₃-, *gʰreh₁-
174	yellow	yellow	yelow	ġeolu	*gelu	*gelwaz	*ǵʰelh₃-
175	white	white	whit	hwīt	*hwīt	*hwītaz	*h₂elbʰós
176	black	black	blak	sweart	*swart, *blak	*swartaz, *blakaz	*swordós, *h₂ems-, *kr̥snós
177	night	night	nyght	niht	*naht	*nahts	*nókʷts
178	day	day	day	dæġ	*dag	*dagaz	*h₂eǵh-, *dei-n-
179	year	year	yeer	ġēar	*jār	*jērą, *aþna-	*yeh₁-, *wétos
180	warm	warm	warm	wearm	*warm	*warmaz	*tep-, *gʷʰer-
181	cold	cold	cold, chele, chile	ċeald	*kald	*kaldaz	*gel-
182	full	full	ful	full	*full	*fullaz	*pl̥h₁nós
183	new	new	newe	nīewe	*niwi	*niwjaz	*néwos
184	old	old	old	eald	*ald	*sinīgaz	*sénos
185	good	good	good	gōd	*gōd	*gōdaz	*bʰed-, *h₁su-, *h₁wésus
186	bad	bad	yvel, badde	yfel	*ubil	*ubilaz	*h₂wap-, *dus-
187	rotten	rotten	foul, roten	fūl, rotod*	*rotēn	*fausaz, *rutāndz	*pu-
188	dirty	dirty	unclene, bawdy, hory	horiġ	*fūl	*fūlaz	*swerd-
189	straight	straight	right, streight	riht	*strak	*strakaz	*h₃reǵtós
190	round	round	rounde	sinewealt	*trind	*trindaz, *kraitijaz
191	sharp (as a knife)	sharp	scharp, kene	sċearp	*hwass	*hwassaz	*h₁edʰ-, *h₂ḱrós
192	dull (as a knife)	dull	blont, dul	stump	*slaiw	*slaiwaz	*dʰwel-
193	smooth	smooth	smethe, even, flat	smēþe	*slipr	*slihtaz
194	wet	wet	wet, moiste	wǣt	*nat	*wētaz, *nataz	*wed-
195	dry	dry	drye, sere	drȳġe	*þurʀī	*þursuz	*ters-
196	correct	right, correct	right, trewe, sothe	riht	*reht	*rehtaz	*weh₁-
197	near	near	nere	nēah	*nāhw	*nēhwaz	*h₁opi, *h₁epi, *h₂énti
198	far	far	fer	feorr	*ferrē	*ferrai	*wi
199	right	right	right	swīþra	*tehswō	*tehswô	*deḱs-
200	left	left	lift	winestra	*winistr	*winistraz	*leh₂ywós
201	at	at	on, at	æt	*at	*at	*h₁epi, *opi, *h₂éd, *h₃ebʰi, *h₃bʰi
202	in	in	in	on	*in	*in	*h₁en, *h₁(e)ntér
203	with	with	mid, wiþ	mid	*midi	*midi	*ḱóm, *pe, *me
204	and	and	and	and	*and	*jahw, *andi	*-kʷe, *de, *nu, *h₁é
205	if	if	if	ġif	*jabē, *jabu	*jabai
206	because	because, for*	for, sithen, as, bicause	for þon þe*, for	*hwandē	*hwandê
207	name	name	name	nama	*namō	*namô	*h₁nómn̥

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Central Bikol Chambeali Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Javanese Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Jaunsari Korean Jeju Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Norwegian Nynorsk Northern Mansi Nihali Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Prussian Old Tupi Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic West Germanic Hellenic Hmong-Mien Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Dardic Pahari Rajasthani Sindhic Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Romance (Italy) Japonic Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Tocharian Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian
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